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| Title: | 白帽駭客法外創新模式研究-兼論駭客社群與企業的互動
Research on Outlaw Innovation Models of White Hat Hackers including Discussions on Interactions between Hacker Communities and Enterprises. |
| Authors: | 王仁甫
Wang, Jen-Fu |
| Contributors: | 吳豐祥
Wu, Feng-Shang
王仁甫
Wang, Jen-Fu |
| Keywords: | 法外創新
白帽駭客
個人特質
社群中介
社群支援
Outlaw innovation
White hat hacker
Personal characteristics
Community mediation
Community support |
| Date: | 2021 |
| Issue Date: | 2022-02-10 13:19:37 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 企業藉由打破內部研發的疆界，以導入其他團體或企業的創新資源或觀念，試圖提高創新績效的行為模式，在學理上稱為開放式創新。相對的，如果企業的創新行為抵觸國家法規或制度時，則被文獻定義為法外創新(Outlaw Innovation)。當企業為了創新而打破法規或制度疆界時，則很有可能會轉往地下或違法的市場發展，所以不論是就學術上或實務上都亟需找出將法外創新轉往合法化發展的機制與關鍵影響因素，以期能有效地將法外創新者的成果導向合法市場發展，創造出更多的效益，進而提升國家競爭力。
但由於法外創新理論仍在發展階段，多數文獻僅討論法外創新的定義、方式與參與者，對於有關法外創新者的個人特質、其參與社群的運作機制、其與政府和企業互動的模式，以及如何將法外創新正當化等重要議題的研究，都付之闕如。緣此，本研究的主要目的，即希望針對這些議題進行深入探討，試圖彌補上述缺口。
本研究以白帽駭客社群發展法外創新模式做為研究核心，以行動者網路理論的概念及多重個案研究之方法，針對駭客社群成員以及與其互動的資安企業、政府相關人士與駭客新創公司等，進行深入的訪談與分析。主要結論如下 ：
一、白帽駭客因具備正向與負向人格特質，而不同於一般研究人員，使得駭客新創公司會採取不同的管理方式，以提高其法外創新的效益。
二、白帽駭客社群於法外創新的知識分享體系中，會扮演著引導駭客成員進行法外創新以及協助企業與政府發展法外創新的重要角色。
三、白帽駭客社群突破法律疆界發展法外創新的關鍵，在於企業是否能依靠社群發展法外創新；另外一方面則視政府是否能透過活動補助來賦予社群角色正當化，並成為法外創新的中介者。
四、資安企業與駭客社群交流與合作，會先嘗試獲取法外創新的知識，再進行小規模的創新採納，以有效控制外部法律風險、降低社會疑慮並提高社會可接受性。
此外，過往文獻討論法外創新時，集中於討論政府發展「創新法規沙盒」的機制以及緩解法外創新的議題，鮮少討論其他可能的解決方案。因此，本研究結果彌補上述缺口，主要研究貢獻如下：
一、本研究彌補有關法外創新者特質的研究缺口。
二、本研究補足有關白帽駭客社群突破法規制度發展法外創新的研究缺口。
三、本研究建構白帽駭客社群影響廠商進行法外創新的行為模式。
四、本研究特別探討了企業如何選擇與駭客社群合作，並突破法規限制，進行法外創新，因而補充過往文獻在這方面之不足。
最後，本研究也分別針對政府、企業及社群，從政策、法規、創新策略等面向，提出政策上與實務上的建議。
The behavioral model by which companies break the boundaries of internal research and development (R&D) and introduce innovative resources and concepts from other groups or companies for innovation is referred to as open innovation. Outlaw innovation refers to the corporate act of promoting innovation and violating national regulations and institutional boundaries in the process. Enterprises practicing outlaw innovation are likely to involve themselves in black markets. Therefore, whether in theory or in practice, exploring the key factors and mechanisms governing the legalization of outlaw innovation warrants urgent attention. Such investigations would aid “outlaw innovators” in promoting their achievements legally. Moreover, they would assist the government in designing relevant systems to encourage outlaw innovators to shift their activities in black markets to legal markets, thereby creating benefits and increasing national competitiveness.
Theories on outlaw innovation remain immature, with the literature primarily focusing on its definition and approaches, as well as the actors involved. Few studies have examined the characteristics of outlaw innovators, the operative mechanism of relevant communities, or the model of business–government interaction in this regard. Furthermore, the legalization of outlaw innovation has rarely been explored. To close these research gaps, these topics are discussed herein.
At the core of this study is the outlaw innovation model developed by white hat communities. By using actor–network theory and a multiple-case design, we interview and investigate the members of hacker communities, the information security companies with which they maintain contact, and their government affiliates, as well as hacker startups. The conclusions are as follows:
1.White hat hackers have positive and negative personality traits to be different from ordinary researchers, which makes hacker startup companies adopt different management methods to improve the efficiency of outlaw innovation.
2.White hat hacker communities play an important role and guide hacker members to support their government and assist enterprises to develop outlaw innovation in the outlaw innovation relationship and knowledge sharing system.
3.White hat hacker communities break the legal boundaries is the key to develop outlaw innovations. Enterprises tend to rely on hacker communities to develop outlaw innovation knowledge, while government offer subsidies for communities legitimately to transfer outlaw innovation to be the intermediaries.
4.Cybersecurity enterprises communicate and cooperate with hacker communities to obtain outlaw innovation knowledge, adopting small-scale innovations to control external legal risks, reduce social doubts, and improve social acceptability.
Outlaw innovation studies have discussed the regulatory sandboxes, mechanisms launched by the government to mitigate problems relating to outlaw innovation. However, the evidence on other potential solutions is scant. The present study explores these possibilities. Its contributions to the literature are as follows:
1. This research addresses a research gap on the characteristics of outlaw innovators.
2.This study addresses the gaps that white hat hacker communities break through the legal system and developing outlaw innovations.
3.This research constructs a model about how white hat communities affect industril firms’ outlaw innovation behaviors.
4.This study specifically explores how enterprises choose to cooperate with communities in order to break through legal restrictions and develop outlaw innovations for making sense out of existing literature. |
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二、英文書籍與書章
[1] Borrás, S., & Edler, J. (eds.) (2014). The Governance of Socio-technical Systems: Explaining Change. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Press.
[2] Callon, M. (2002). From science as an economic activity to socioeconomics of scientific research: The dynamics of emergent and consolidated techno-economic networks. In: P. Mirowski & E-M. Sent (Eds), Science Bought and Sold: Essays in the Economics of Science (pp. 277-317). Chicago, IL: University of Chicao Press.
[3] Chesbrough, H. (2006). Open innovation: A new paradigm for understanding industrial innovation. In Chesbrough, H., Vanhaverbeke, W., West J (eds.) Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm (pp 3–11). Oxford, MA: Oxford University Press.
[4] Chen P., Desmet L., Huygens C. (2014). A Study on Advanced Persistent Threats. Communications and Multimedia Security (pp.63-72). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg Press.
[5] Christensen, C. M. (1997). The Innovator’s Dilemma : When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
[6] Drucker, P. F. (1993). Post-capitalist Society. New York, NY: HarperBusiness Press.
[7] Rogers, E.M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations (5th ed.). New York, NY: Free Press.
[8] Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. (2016). The Common Law: With Linked Table of Contents. Lanham, MD: Dancing Unicorn Press.
[9] Jordan, T. (2008). Hacking: Digital Media and Technological Determinism. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
[10] Latour, B. (1987). Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
[11] Luhmann, N., Ziegert, K. A., & Kastner, F. (2004). Law As A Social System. In F. Kastner, R. Nobles & D. Schiff. Oxford, MA: Oxford University Press.
[12] North, D. C., (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
[13] Schumpeter, J. A., & Opie, R. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business cycle. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
[14] Yin, R.K., (2013). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Sage Press.
[15] Zadig, Sean M., (2016). Understanding the Impact of Hacker Innovation upon IS Security Countermeasures (Doctoral dissertation, College of Computing and Engineering). Retrieved from https://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/976/ (最後查詢日2021年12月30日)
[16] Zimbardo, Gerrig, R. J., & Ruch, F. L. (1999). Psychology and Life / Philip G. Zimbardo, Richard J. Gerrig. (15th ed.). New York, NY: Longman.
三、中文期刊
[1] 王士帆 (民108)。當科技偵查駭入語音助理－刑事訴訟準備好了嗎？臺北大學法學論叢第，112，191-242。
[2] 周信輝、蔡志豪(民102)。網絡組織間關係治理的搭架：行動者網絡理論的動態觀點。臺大管理論叢，23(S1)，135-163。
[3] 林添貴(譯) (2017)。Z世代效應：改變未來企業經營的六股力量(原作者：Koulopoulos, T. & Keldsen, D.)。台北市：時報出版。(原著出版年：2014)
[4] 施育傑(民109)。科技時代的偵查干預處分-兼論我國法方向。月旦法學雜誌，36，154-174。
[5] 袁建中、彭弼聲、吳勝銘（民101）。創新與網路結構關係：以次世代微影技術發展與技術前景評估為例。創新管理，9(4)，1-35。
[6] 陳蕙芬 (民104)。柔韌設計：化機構阻力為創新助力。中山管理評論 23(1)，13-55。
[7] 彭玉樹、梁奕忠、于卓民、梁晉嘉(民99)。台灣管理學門質性研究之回顧與展望。中山管理評論，18(1)，11-40。 |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
科技管理與智慧財產研究所
102364501 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102364501 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| DOI: | 10.6814/NCCU202200097 |
| Appears in Collections: | [科技管理與智慧財產研究所] 學位論文
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