Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/138981
|
| Title: | 探討威權政體型態與溫室氣體排放之間的關聯性：1972-2014年
The correlation between Authoritarian regime types and greenhouse gas emission: 1972-2014 |
| Authors: | 古惠如 |
| Contributors: | 張文揚
古惠如 |
| Keywords: | 威權政體型態
氣候變遷
環境治理
Authoritarian regime types
Climate change
Environmental governance |
| Date: | 2021 |
| Issue Date: | 2022-02-10 13:16:33 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 由於威權主義的研究為我們呈現文官威權、皇室與軍事等各類型威權政體型態的多元性，本研究欲探討的問題為不同的威權政體型態是否針對氣候變遷危機的應對能力亦有所差異？依據氣候變遷危機在政治層面上，特別是威權國家，所形成的挑戰，本研究提出威權政體型態在攏絡社會與穩定統治之兩種面向的能力上可能發展出差異，且分別以文官威權、君主政體型態為具備該項優勢的代表。
透過從1972年到2014年間的威權政體型態作為研究的主要解釋變數，以及人均二氧化碳排放量作為結果變數，本研究依據大樣本數據的量化分析後發現：在所有威權政體型態中，君主威權政體型態對於排放量的傾向是負向影響，顯示其為表現較好的威權政體型態；軍事政體的表現則次之，以包含一黨、有限多黨政體型態的文官威權作為表現最差的類型。前述的排序在納入經濟、資源消耗、人口等控制變數後並沒有改變，此外，使用其他作者所分類的威權政體型態也大抵呈現君主政體型態的優勢以及文官威權政體型態的劣勢。
據此，本研究認為有關於攏絡社會能力與穩定統治能力對氣候治理之表現差異所形成的競爭性解釋，以君主政體型態之減碳表現具備統計上的顯著影響而以穩定統治作為較具影響力的解釋。本研究最後認為未來的探討方現有針對中東與北非地區之君主國家形成較深入的個案研究，亦或是形成比較研究之必要，以幫助我們增進威權主義與氣候治理之間的學術對話。
Since the study of authoritarianism has revealed the diversity of various types of authoritarian regimes, such as civil, monarchy and military, the question to be explored in this study is whether different types of authoritarian regimes are also different in their ability to cope with climate change crisis. In light of the political challenges posed by the climate change crisis, especially in authoritarian states, this study suggests that authoritarian regimes may develop differences in their ability to integrate society and stabilize governance, with civil authoritarianism and monarchical regimes as the representatives of this advantage respectively.
Through the type of authoritarian regime from 1972 to 2014 as the research main independent variables, as well as the carbon emissions per capita as the dependent variables, this study based on large sample data of quantitative analysis showed: among all the authoritarian regime type, tendency of the monarchy regime type for emissions has the most negative impact, indicating that it has best performance; The military regime is the on the second place, while the civil authoritarianism which includes one party and limited multi-party regime is the worst.
The above ranking does not change when controlling variables such as economy, resource consumption and population are taken into account. In addition, the authoritarian regimes classified by other authors generally show the advantages of the monarchy and the disadvantages of the civil authoritarian regimes. Accordingly, this study considers the debate over the competing explanations formed by the ability of cooption and the ability of stability can be justified with the monarchy regimes being the type whose carbon reduction performance has statistically significant influence, which explains to stabilize the rule is the more influential factor. In the end, this study suggests that further case studies or comparative studies of monarchies in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) may be necessary in order to enhance the academic dialogue between authoritarianism and climate governance. |
| Reference: | 呂素蓮，施泰彬，2018，〈從犯罪類型探討所得分配不均程度與刑案發生率相關性研究〉，《犯罪與刑事司法研究 》，30：1-44。
李河清，2004，〈知識社群與全球氣候談判〉，《問題與研究》，43(6)：73-102。
周晚晴，2019，〈亞馬遜的火為何燃燒？又是誰在火上澆油？〉，https://theinitium.com/article/20190915-opinion-brazil-rainforest/，查閱時間：2020/3/3。
葉俊榮，1993，《環境政策與法律，臺大法學叢書（六三）》，台北：元照。
Ahlers, Anna Lisa, and Yongdong Shen. 2017. “Breathe Easy? Local Nuances of Authoritarian Environmentalism in China`s Battle against Air Pollution.” The China Quarterly 234: 299-319.
Aina, Yusuf, Alex Wafer, Fethi Ahmed, and Habib Mahdi Alshuwaikhat. 2019. “Top-Down Sustainable Urban Development? Urban Governance Transformation in Saudi Arabia.” Cities 90: 272-281.
Anderson, Lisa. 1991. “Absolutism and the Resilience of Monarchy in the Middle East.” Political Science Quarterly 106: 1-15.
Antweiler, Werner, Brian Richard Copeland, and Michael Scott Taylor. 2001. “Is Free Trade Good for the Environment?”. American Economic Review 91: 877-908.
Bai, Xuemei. 2007. “Integrating Global Environmental Concerns into Urban Management: The Scale and Readiness Arguments.” Journal of Industrial Ecology 11(2): 15-29.
Barros, Robert. 2016. “On the Outside Looking In: Secrecy and the Study of Authoritarian Regimes.” Social Science Quarterly 97(4): 953-973.
Beeson, Mark. 2010. “The Coming of Environmental Authoritarianism.” Environmental Politics 19(2): 276-294.
Belis, David, Bart Kerremans. 2014. “The Socialization Potential of the CDM in EU–China Climate Relations.” International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 16(4): 543-559.
Bellemare, Marc, Takaaki Masaki, and Thomas Pepinsky. 2017. “Lagged Explanatory Variables and the Estimation of Causal Effect.” The Journal of Politics 79(3): 949-963.
Bellin, Eva. 2004. “The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective.” Comparative Politics 36: 139-157.
Bernauer, Thomas. 2013. “Climate Change Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 16: 421-448.
Betsill, Michele, Kathryn Hochstetler, and Dimitris Stevis (eds.,). 2006. Palgrave Advances in International Environmental Politics New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Blaydes, Lisa. 2008. “Authoritarian Elections and Elite Management: Theory and Evidence from Egypt.” Paper prepared for delivery at the Princeton University Conference on Dictatorships, NJ.
Bodea, Cristina, Ana Carolina Garriga and Masaaki Higashijima. 2019. “Economic Institutions and Autocratic Breakdown: Monetary Constraints and Fiscal Spending in Dominant-party Regimes.” The Journal of Politics 81(2):601–615.
Boix, Carles, and Milan Svolik. 2013. “The Foundations of Limited Authoritarian Government: Institutions, Commitment, and Power-Sharing in Dictatorships.” The Journal of Politics 75: 300-316.
Brooker, Paul. 2000. Non- Democratic Regimes: Theory, Government & Politics. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
Brownlee, Jason. 2005. “Ruling Parties and Regime Persistence: Explaining Durable Authoritarianism in the Third Wave Era.” Working paper. University of Texas at Austin.
Bruun, Ole. 2020. “Environmental Protection in the Hands of the State: Authoritarian Environmentalism and Popular Perceptions in Vietnam.” The Journal of Environment & Development 29: 171-195.
Bryant, Raymond. 1996. “The greening of Burma Political Rhetoric or Sustainable Development.” Pacific Affairs 69 (3): 341-359.
Burk, Jan, Franziska Marten, Christoph Bals, Thea Uhlich, Niklas Höhne, Sofia Gonzales, Mia Moisio. 2017. “Climate Change Performance Index 2017.” https://germanwatch.org/sites/germanwatch.org/files/publication/18826.pdf (May 6, 2020).
Cao, Xun, and Hugh Ward. 2015. “Winning Coalition Size, State Capacity, and Time Horizons: An Application of Modified Selectorate Theory to Environmental Public Goods Provision.” International Studies Quarterly 59(2): 264-279.
Cassani, Andrea. 2017. “Social Services to Claim Legitimacy: Comparing Autocracies’ Performance.” Contemporary Politics 23(3): 348-368.
Chang, Eric and Miriam Golden. 2010. “Sources of Corruption in Authoritarian Regimes.” Social Science Quarterly 91(1): 1-20.
Cheibub, José Antonio, Jennifer Gandhi, and James Raymond Vreeland. 2010. “Democracy and Dictatorship Revisited.” Public Choice 143: 67–101.
Chibueze, Nnaji, Okechukwu Chukwu Jude, and Nnaji Moses. 2013. “Electricity Supply, Fossil Fuel Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth: Implications and Policy Options for Sustainable Development in Nigeria.” International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 3: 262-271.
Croissant, Aurel and Stefan Wurster. 2013. “Performance and Persistence of Autocracies in Comparison: Introducing Issues and Perspectives.” Contemporary Politics 19(1): 1-18.
Crot, Laurence. 2013. “Planning for Sustainability in Non-Democratic Polities: The Case of Masdar City.” Urban Studies 50(13): 2809-2825.
Cugurullo, Federico. 2015. “Urban Eco-Modernisation and the Policy Context of New Eco-City Projects: Where Masdar City Fails and Why.” Urban Studies 53(11): 2417-2233.
Dasgupta, Shouro and Enrica De Cian. 2016. Institutions and the Environment:Existing Evidence and Future Directions. Milan, Italy: Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.
Davenport Christian. 2007. “State Repression and the Tyrannical Peace.” Journal of Peace Research 44(4): 485-504.
Dhakal, Shobhakar. 2010. “GHG Emissions from Urbanization and Opportunities for Urban Carbon Mitigation.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2(4):277-283.
Dijkgraaf, Elbert, and Herman Vollebergh. 2005. “A Test for Parameter Homogeneity in Co2panel Ekc Estimations.” Environmental & Resource Economics 32: 229-239.
Duit, Andreas. 2005. “Understanding Environmental Performance of States: An Institution-centered Approach and Some Difficulties.” QOG Working Papers 2005:7.
Eaton, Sarah, and Genia Kostka. 2014. “Authoritarian Environmentalism Undermined? Local Leaders’ Time Horizons and Environmental Policy Implementation in China.” The China Quarterly 218: 359-380.
Ehhalt, Dieter, Michael Prather, Frank Dentener, Richard Derwent, Edward Dlugokencky, Elisabeth Holland, Ivar Isaksen, Jamidu Katima, Volker Kirchhoff, Pamela Matson, Pauline Midgley, and Menghua Wang. 2001. “Atmospheric Chemistry and Greenhouse Gases.” In: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, eds. Houghton, John Theodore, Yihui Ding, David Griggs, Maria Noguer, Paul van der Linden, Xiaohu Dai, Kathy Maskell, and Cathy Johnson. Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Escribà-Folch, Abel and Joseph Wright. 2010. “Dealing with Tyranny: International Sanctions and the Survival of Authoritarian Rulers.” International Studies Quarterly 54(2): 335-359.
Escribà-Folch, Abel. 2013. “Accountable for what? Regime Types, Performance, and the Fate of Outgoing Dictators, 1946–2004.” Democratization 20(1): 160-185.
Ezrow, Natasha and Erica Frantz. 2011. “State Institutions and the Survival of Dictatorships.” Journal of International Affairs 65(1):1-13.
Fiorino, Daniel. 2011. “Explaining National Environmental Performance: Approaches, Evidence, and Implications.” Policy Sciences 44: 367-389.
Fjelde, Hanne. 2010. “Generals, Dictators, and Kings.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 27(3):195–218.
Fredriksson, Per, and Jim Wollscheid. 2007. “Democratic Institutions Versus Autocratic Regimes: The Case of Environmental Policy.” Public Choice 130: 381-393.
Fritsche, Immo, Christopher Cohrs, Thomas Kessler, and Judith Bauer. 2012. “Global Warming is Breeding Social Conflict: The Subtle Impact of Climate Change Threat on Authoritarian Tendencies.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 32(1): 1-10.
Galeotti, Marzio, Alessandro Lanza, and Francesco Pauli. 2006. “Reassessing the Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 Emissions: A Robustness Exercise.” Ecological Economics 57: 152-163.
Galeotti, Marzio, and Alessandro Lanza. 2005. “Desperately Seeking Environmental Kuznets.” Environmental Modelling & Software 20: 1379-1388.
Gallagher, Mary Elizabeth and Jonathan Hanson. 2015. “Power Tool or Dull Blade? Selectorate Theory for Autocracies.” Annual Review of Political Science 18(1): 367-385.
Gandhi, Jennifer and Przeworski Adam. 2007. “Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats.” Comparative Political Studies 40(11): 1279-1301.
Gandhi, Jennifer and James Raymond Vreeland. 2004. “Political Institutions and Civil War: Unpacking Anocracy.” University of Notre Dame. Unpublished manuscript.
Gandhi, Jennifer. 2008. “Institutions and the Survival of Dictators.” In Political Institutions under Dictatorship: 163-179. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gang, Chen. 2009. “Environmnetal Legal System in China.” In Politics of China`s Environmental Protection. Singapore: East Asian Institute, NUS.
Geddes, Barbara, Joseph Wright, and Erica Frantz. 2014. “Autocratic Breakdown and Regime Transitions: A New Data Set.” Perspectives on Politics 12(2): 313-331.
Geddes, Barbara. 1999a. “Authoritarian Breakdown: Empirical Test of a Game Theoretic Argument.” Paper presented at the 95th Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta, GA.
Geddes, Barbara. 1999b. “What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenties Years?” Annual Report of Political Science 2: 115-144.
Gilley, Bruce. 2012. “Authoritarian environmentalism and China’s Response to Climate Change.” Environmental Politics 21(2): 287-307.
Gray, Ellen. 2019. “Satellite Data Record Shows Climate Change`s Impact on Fires.” https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2912/satellite-data-record-shows-climate-changes-impact-on-fires/ (March 10, 2020).
Grossman, Gene Michael and Alan Bennett Krueger. 1991. “Environmental Impacts of the North American Free Trade Agreement.” Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. Working Paper No. 3914.
Grossman, Gene Michael and Alan Bennett Krueger. 1995. “Economic Growth and the Environment.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 110: 353-377.
Gurses, Mehmet and David Mason. 2010. “Weak States, Regime Types, and Civil War.” Civil Wars 12(1-2): 140-155.
Haber, Stephen. 2006. “Authoritarian government.” In The Oxford handbook of political economy, eds. Barry Weingast and Donland Wittman. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Hadenius, Axel and Jan Teorell. 2007. “Pathways from Authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy 18(1): 143-157.
Hadenuis, Axel, Jan Teorellb and Michael Wahmana. 2017. Authoritarian Regimes Data Set, version 6.0, Codebook. Department of Political Science Lund University and Department of Political Science University of Missouri. https://sites.google.com/site/authoritarianregimedataset/ (May 3, 2020).
Halskov Hansen, Mette and Zhaohui Liu. 2017. “Air Pollution and Grassroots Echoes of ‘Ecological Civilization’ in Rural China.” The China Quarterly 234: 320-339.
Han, Heejin. 2015. “Authoritarian Environmentalism under Democracy: Korea’s River Restoration Project.” Environmental Politics 24: 810-829.
Han, Heejin. 2016. “Singapore, a Garden City: Authoritarian Environmentalism in a Developmental State.” The Journal of Environment & Development 26(1): 3-24.
Hankla, Charles and Daniel Kuthy. 2013. “Economic Liberalism in Illiberal Regimes: Authoritarian Variation and the Political Economy of Trade.” International Studies Quarterly 57(3): 492-504.
Hanson, Jonathan. 2013. “Loyalty and Acquiescence: Authoritarian Regimes and Inequality Outcomes” 2010 APSA Annual Meeting Paper. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1642485 (March 10, 2020).
Harrison, Tom and Genia Kostka. 2014. “Balancing Priorities, Aligning Interests: Developing Mitigation Capacity in China and India.” Comparative Political Studies 47: 450-480.
Hawthorne, Maria and Tony Alabaster. 1999. “Citizen 2000: Development of a Model of Environmental Citizenship.” Global Environmental Change 9: 25—43.
Hines, Jody, Harold Hungerford, and Audrey Tomera. 1987. “Analysis and Synthesis of Research on Responsible Environmental Behavior: A Meta-Analysis.” The Journal of Environmental Education 18: 1-8.
Hovi, Jon, Detlef Sprinz, and Arild Underdal. 2009. “Implementing Long-Term Climate Policy: Time Inconsistency, Domestic Politics, International Anarchy.” Global Environmental Politics 9(3):20-39.
Inglehart, Ronald and Paul Abramson. 1994. “Economic Security and Value Change.” American Political Science Review (88): 336-354.
Inglehart, Ronald and Paul Abramson. 1999. “Measuring Postmaterialism.” American Political Science Review 93(3): 655-677.
IPCC. 2014: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change eds. Edenhofer, Ottmar, Ramón Pichs-Madruga, Youba Sokona, Ebrahim Farahani, Steffen Kadner, Kristin Seyboth, Anna Adler, Ina Baum, Steffen Brunner, Patrick Eickemeier, Benjamin Kriemann, Jussi Savolainen, Steffen Schlömer, Christoph von Stechow, Timm Zwickel and Jan Minx. Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
IPCC. 2018. Summary for Policymakers. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty, eds. Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Panmao Zhai, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Debra Roberts, Jim Skea, Priyadarshi Shukla, Anna Pirani, Wilfran Moufouma-Okia, Clotilde Péan, Roz Pidcock, Sarah Connors, Robin Matthews, Yang Chen, Xiao Zhou, Melissa Ines Gomis, Elisabeth Lonnoy, Thomas Maycock, Melinda Tignor, and Tim Waterfield. Geneva, CH: World Meteorological Organization.
Kim, Wonik and Jennifer Gandhi. 2013. “Coopting Workers under Dictatorship.” The Journal of Politics 72(3): 646-658.
Kinley, Richard. 2016. “Climate Change after Paris: From Turning Point to Transformation.” Climate Policy 17: 9-15.
Klick, Jonathan. 2002. “Autocrats and the Environment or it`s Easy Being Green.” Working Paper Series 02-16. George Mason University.
Knill, Christoph, Marc Debus, and Stephan Heichel. 2010. “Do Parties Matter in Internationalised Policy Areas? The Impact of Political Parties on Environmental Policy Outputs in 18 OECD Countries, 1970-2000.” European Journal of Political Research 49: 301-336.
Knutsen, Carl Henrik, and Hanne Fjelde. 2013. “Property Rights in Dictatorships: Kings Protect Property Better Than Generals or Party Bosses.” Contemporary Politics 19: 94-114.
Kollmuss, Anja and Julian Agyeman. 2010. “Mind the Gap: Why Do People Act Environmentally and What Are the Barriers to Pro-Environmental Behavior?” Environmental Education Research 8: 239-260.
Kousksou, Tarik, Amine Allouhi, M`barek Belattar, Abdelmajid Jamil, Tarik El Rhafiki, Ahmed Arid, and Youssef Zeraouli. 2015. “Renewable Energy Potential and National Policy Directions for Sustainable Development in Morocco.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 47: 46-57.
Lachapelle, Erick, and Matthew Paterson. 2013. “Drivers of National Climate Policy.” Climate Policy 13: 547-571.
Lai, Brian and Dan Slater. 2006. “Institutions of the Offensive: Domestic Sources of Dispute Initiation in Authoritarian Regimes, 1950–1992.” American Journal of Political Science 50(3): 113-126.
Lemos, Maria Carmen, and Arun Agrawal. 2006. “Environmental Governance.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 31(1): 297-325.
Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan Way. 2002. “The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy 13: 51-65.
Li, Xiaoliang, Xiaojin Yang, Qi Wei, and Bing Zhang. 2019. “Authoritarian Environmentalism and Environmental Policy Implementation in China.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 145: 86-93.
Liu, Yonghong, Chaochao Gao, and Yingying Lu. 2017. “The Impact of Urbanization on Ghg Emissions in China: The Role of Population Density.” Journal of Cleaner Production 157: 299-309.
Lomborg, Bjorn. 2016. “Impact of Current Climate Proposals.” Global Policy 7(1): 109-118.
Magaloni, Beatriz. 2008. “Credible Power-Sharing and the Longevity of Authoritarian Rule.” Comparative Political Studies 41(4-5): 715-741.
Mahmood, Haider, and Maham Furqan. 2020. “Oil Rents and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Spatial Analysis of Gulf Cooperation Council Countries.” Environment, Development and Sustainability.1-19.
Marc Williams and Robert O’Brien. 2007. Global Political Economy: Evolution and Dynamics. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Marquardt, Jens, Karoline Steinbacher, and Miranda Schreurs. 2016. “Driving Force or Forced Transition? The Role of Development Cooperation in Promoting Energy Transitions in the Philippines and Morocco.” Journal of Cleaner Production 128: 22-33.
Martus, Ellie. 2021. “Policymaking and Policy Framing: Russian Environmental Politics under Putin.” Europe-Asia Studies: 1-21.
McCarthy, James. 2019. “Authoritarianism, Populism, and the Environment: Comparative Experiences, Insights, and Perspectives.” Annals of the American Association of Geographers 109: 301-313.
McGuire, James. 2013. “Political regime and social performance.” Contemporary Politics 19(1): 55-75.
Meadowcroft, James. 1999. “The Politics of Sustainable Development: Emergent Arenas and Challenges for Political Science.” International Political Science Review 20(2): 219-237.
Menaldo, Victor. 2012. “The Middle East and North Africa’s Resilient Monarchs.” The Journal of Politics 73(3): 707-722.
Middeldorp, Nick and Philippe Le Billon. 2019. “Deadly Environmental Governance: Authoritarianism, Eco-populism, and the Repression of Environmental and Land Defenders.” Annals of the American Association of Geographers 109(2): 324-337.
Miller, Michael. 2015. “Electoral Authoritarianism and Human Development.” Comparative Political Studies 48(12): 1526-1562.
Miller, Michael, and Margaret Peters. 2018. “Restraining the Huddled Masses: Migration Policy and Autocratic Survival.” British Journal of Political Science 50(2): 403-433.
Moore, Scott. 2014. “Modernisation, authoritarianism, and the environment: the politics of China’s South–North Water Transfer Project.” Environmental Politics 23(6): 947-964.
Morgan, Jamie. 2016. “Paris COP 21: Power that Speaks the Truth?” Globalizations 13(6): 943-951.
Najem, Tom Pierre. 2003. “Good Governance: The Definition and Application of the Concept.” In Good Governance in the Middle East Oil Monarchies, eds. Tom Pierre Najem and Martin Hetherington. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
Ohlan, Ramphul. 2015. “The Impact of Population Density, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Trade Openness on CO2 Emissions in India.” Natural Hazards 79: 1409-1428.
Olivier, Jos and Jeroen Peters. 2018. “Trends in Global CO2 and Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 2018 Report.” In Secondary Trends in Global CO2 and Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 2018 Report, eds. Secondary Olivier, Jos and J Jeroen Peters.
Olson, Mancur. 1993. “Dictatorship, Democracy and Development.” American Political Science Review 87(3): 567-576.
Ortmann, Stephan. 2016. “Environmental Governance under Authoritarian Rule Singapore and China.” Southeast Asia Research Centre Working Paper, No. 189.
Peceny, Mark and Caroline Beer. 2003. “Peaceful Parties and Puzzling Personalists.” American Political Science Review 97(2):339-342.
Peceny, Mark, Caroline Beer and Shannon Sanchez-Terry. 2002. “Dictatorial peace?” The American Political Science Review 96(1): 15-26.
Peceny, Mark and Christopher Kenneth Butler. 2004. “The Conflict Behavior of Authoritarian Regimes” International Politics 41: 565-581.
Prentice, Iain, Graham Farquhar, Michael Fasham, Michael Goulden, Martin Heimann, Víctor Jaramillo, Haroon Kheshgi, Corinne Le Quéré, Robert Scholes, and Doug Wallace. 2001. “The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Content.” In: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, eds. Houghton, John, Yijiang Ding, David Griggs, Maria Noguer, Paul van der Linden, Xin-Gang Dai, Kathy Maskell, and Cathy Johnson. Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Purcell, Susan Kaufman. 1973. “Authoritarianism.” Comparative Politics 5(2): 301-312.
Rahman, Mohammad Mafizur. 2017. “Do Population Density, Economic Growth, Energy Use and Exports Adversely Affect Environmental Quality in Asian Populous Countries?”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 77: 506-514.
Reed, Maureen and Shannon Bruyneel. 2010. “Rescaling Environmental Governance, Rethinking the State: A Three-Dimensional Review.” Progress in Human Geography 34(5): 646-653.
Reiter, Dan and Allan Stam. 2003. “Identifying the Culprit: Democracy, Dictatorship, and Dispute Initiation.” The American Political Science Review 97(2): 333-337.
Repucci, Sarah 2020. “A Leaderless Struggle for Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 31: 137-151.
Ritchie, Hannah and Max Roser. 2017. CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions (May 6, 2021).
Satterthaite, David. 2009. “The Implications of Population Growth and Urbanization for Climate Change.” Environment & Urbanization 21(2): 545-567.
Schedler, Andreas. 2002. “Elections Without Democracy: The Menu of Manipulation.” Journal of Democracy 13(2):36-50.
Slater, Dan. 2003. “Iron Cage in an Iron Fist: Authoritarian Institutions and the Personalization of Power in Malaysia.” Comparative Politics 36(1):81-101.
Sprinz, Detlef. 2009. “Long-Term Environmental Policy: Definition, Knowledge, Future Research.” Global Environmental Politics 9(3): 1-8.
StataCorp. 2019. Stata Statistical Software: Release 16. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC.
Steffen, Will, Katherine Richardson, Johan Rockström, Sarah Cornell, Ingo Fetzer, Elena Bennett, Reinette Biggs, Stephen Carpenter, Wim de Vries, Cynthia de Wit, Carl Folke, Dieter Gerten, Jens Heinke, Georgina Mace, Linn Persson, Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Belinda Reyers, Sverker Sörlin. 2015. “Planetary boundaries: Guiding Human Development on a Changing Planet.” Science 347(6223): 1259855.
Steinberg, David and Krishan Malhotra. 2014. “The Effect of Authoritarian Regime Type on Exchange Rate Policy” World Politics 66(3): 491-529.
Steinberg, David, Karrie Koesel, and Nicolas Thompson. 2015. “Political Regimes and Currency Crisis.” Economics & Politics 27(3): 327-361.
Steinberg, Paul. 2012. “Welcome to the Jungle: Policy Theory and Political Instability.” In Comparative Environmental Politics: Theory, Practice, and Prospects, eds. Paul Steinberg and Stacy VanDeveer. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: The MIT Press.
Stepan, Alfred. 1978. “The Institutionalization of Organic-Statist Regimes.” In The State and Society: Peru in Comparative Perspective: 290-316. New Jersey, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Stepping, Katharina and Lilli Banholzer. 2017. “Autocratic Angels? Democratic Demons? The Impact of Regime Type, State Capacity and Economic Development on Reaching Environmental Targets.” Paper presented at the German Development Institute, Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Bonn.
Stern, David. 2004. “The Rise and Fall of the Environmental Kuznets Curve.” World Development 32: 1419-1439.
Svolik, Milan. 2012. “Why Authoritarian Parties? The Regime Party as an Instrument of Co-optation and Control” In The Politics of Authoritarian, eds. Margaret Levi, Kathleen Thelen and Erik Wibbels. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Tang, Xiao, Weiwei Chen, and Tian Wu. 2018. “Do Authoritarian Governments Respond to Public Opinion on the Environment? Evidence from China.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15(266): 1-15.
The World Bank. 2020. World Development Indicators. https://data.worldbank.org/ (May 6, 2020).
Tran, Thanh Tu, Shinichiro Fujimori and Toshihiko Masui. 2016. “Realizing the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution: The Role of Renewable Energies in Vietnam.” In Post-2020 Climate Action: Global and Asian Perspectives, eds. Shinichiro Fujimori, Mikiko Kainuma and Toshihiko Masui. Singapore: Springer Singapore.
United Nations Environment Programme. 2019. Emissions Gaps Report 2019. UNEP, Nairobi.
Vaccaro, Andrea 2019. “The Impact of Autocratic Regimes on Quality of Government.” Paper presented at the PhD Course in Applied Social Sciences Working Papers Series.
van den Bergh, Jeroen Cornelis Johannes Maria. 2007. “Sustainable Development in Ecological Economies.” In Handbook of Sustainable Development, eds. Giles Atkinson, Simon Dietz and Eric Neumayer. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub.
Vidican, Georgeta. 2015. “The Emergence of a Solar Energy Innovation System in Morocco: A Governance Perspective.” Innovation and Development 5(2): 225-240.
Vreeland, James Raymond. 2008. “Political Institutions and Human Rights: Why Dictatorships Enter into the United Nations Convention Against Torture.” International Organization 62: 65-101.
von Soest, Christian, and Julia Grauvogel. 2017. “Identity, Procedures and Performance: how Authoritarian Regimes Legitimize their Rule.” Contemporary Politics 23(3): 287-305.
Wahmana, Michael, Jan Teorellb and Axel Hadenius. 2013. “Authoritarian Regime Types Revisited: Updated Data in Comparative Perspective.” Contemporary Politics 19(1): 19-34.
Ward, Hugh. 2008. “Liberal Democracy and Sustainability.” Environmental Politics 17(3): 386-409.
Ward, Hugh, Xun Cao, and Bumba Mukherjee. 2013. “State Capacity and the Environmental Investment Gap in Authoritarian States.” Comparative Political Studies 47: 309-343.
Weeks, Jessica. 2008. “Autocratic Audience Costs: Regime Type and Signaling Resolve.” International Organization 62(1): 35-64.
Weeks, Jessica. 2012. “Strongmen and Straw Men: Authoritarian Regimes and the Initiation of International Conflict.” The American Political Science Review 106(2): 326-347.
While, Aidan, Andrew Jonas, and David Gibbs. 2010. “From sustainable Development to Carbon Control: Eco-State Restructuring and the Politics of Urban and Regional Development.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 35(1): 76-93.
Williams, Todd. 2010. “Why Commit? International Socialization Theory and China’s Climate Change Policy.” Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1676207 (May 6, 2020).
Wilson, Matthew and James Piazza. 2013. “Autocracies and Terrorism: Conditioning Effects of Authoritarian Regime Type on Terrorist Attacks.” American Journal of Political Science 57(4): 941-955.
Wilson, Robert. 2019. “Authoritarian Environmental Governance: Insights from the Past Century.” Annals of the American Association of Geographers 109(2): 314-323.
Wilson, Robert. 2019. “Authoritarian Environmental Governance: Insights from the Past Century.” Annals of the American Association of Geographers 109: 314-323.
World Economic Forum. 2020. “Greta Thunberg: Our house is still on fire and you`re fueling the flames.” https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/01/greta-speech-our-house-is-still-on-fire-davos-2020/ (April 7, 2020).
Wright, Joseph. 2008. “Do Authoritarian Institutions Constrain? How Legislatures Affect Economic Growth and Investment.” American Journal of Political Science 52(2): 322-343.
Wurster, Stefan. 2013. “Comparing Ecological Sustainability in Autocracies and Democracies.” Contemporary Politics 19: 76-93. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系
107253010 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107253010 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| DOI: | 10.6814/NCCU202200107 |
| Appears in Collections: | [外交學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 301001.pdf | | 2808Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 30 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
