Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/137743
|
| Title: | 跨越疆界－從伊斯蘭、家庭地位與社會階層探討埃及穆斯林婦女的移動
Crossing boundaries: Egyptian Muslim women`s mobility from the perspectives of Islam, family status and social class |
| Authors: | 陳芃彣
Chen, Peng-Wen |
| Contributors: | 王經仁
Wang, Ching-Jen
陳芃彣
Chen, Peng-Wen |
| Keywords: | 埃及
穆斯林婦女
移動
他者
慣習
Egypt
Muslim women
Mobility
The other
Habitus |
| Date: | 2021 |
| Issue Date: | 2021-11-01 12:23:43 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 在2011年的埃及革命中，穆斯林婦女離家參與示威抗議行動對於女性賦權極具象徵性意義－女人突破傳統性別空間的限制並進入過往幾乎只由男人統御的公共領域。然而，女性地位不只沒有因為革命的成功而獲得改善，她的移動依然受到家庭及社會規範的限制。移動是一項賦權，控制與限制女人的移動皆會加劇其原本就居於弱勢的處境。根據聯合國開發計劃署（UNDP）於2020年公佈的性別不平等指數（GII），埃及的性別不平等問題仍是國家發展必須面對的課題。
為剖析埃及穆斯林婦女移動的阻礙成因和其移動慣習的養成，本研究藉由四位埃及女性作家Alīfah Rifʿat、Nawāl al-Saʿdāwī、Leila Ahmed和Nayra Atiya的著作，以女性視角探析埃及穆斯林婦女的個人空間。研究發現，四位作家和其所描繪的埃及穆斯林婦女皆未將女人遭受的貶抑歧視歸因於伊斯蘭，而是認為父權體制才是導致女人受到壓迫與限制的主因。埃及穆斯林社會與伊斯蘭、父權體制交織形成的制度與規範，在鞏固男性霸權的同時，亦將女人箝制於傳統性別角色，使其不僅內化與服膺她在家庭與社會中作為他者的角色與職責，亦難以取得能夠助她奪回個人自主權的資源。
埃及穆斯林婦女的移動實踐，建立在現存社會結構下的慣習與她對未來的傾向。因為預期資源取得受限，以及移動時所面臨的阻礙與限制，使埃及穆斯林婦女轉而將婚姻與家庭視為生存的保障，協助社會再製女人對男人與家庭的依賴，進而逐漸形成被動的移動傾向。此外，移動所需具備的資本門檻，也導致來自不同社會階層的埃及穆斯林婦女對於自由移動的議題存在著分歧，使她們至今仍難以組織一股能夠與父權體制與宰制階級抗衡的有效力量。
During the Egyptian Uprising of 2011, the advancement of Muslim women from home to participate in demonstrations has been interpreted as a significant symbol of women’s empowerment. The boundary crossing of gendered spaces and entrance into the public sphere, which was almost exclusively dominated by men in the past, is a progressive signal forward. Unfortunately, after the successful overthrow of Mubārak regime, the social status of Muslim women has not been realized. Social norms and family rules continue to constrain any perceived progress made by Muslim women. Mobility is a basic right and form of empowerment. Controlling and restricting a woman’s mobility will aggravate her disadvantaged situation. According to the Gender Inequality Index released by the United Nations Development Programme in 2020, gender inequality has been an important issue in Egypt which must be addressed in the national development strategies.
In order to explore the obstacles to the Egyptian Muslim Women’s mobility and the development of personal, autonomous mobility, this study analyzed the personal space of Egyptian Muslim women through the female perspective. This was based on the works of four Egyptian female authors Alīfah Rifʿat, Nawāl al-Saʿdāwī, Leila Ahmed and Nayra Atiya. Surprisingly, these authors did not attribute the derogation and discrimination that women suffered to Islam. Instead, they argue that the patriarchy is the primary cause of women’s oppressions and constraints. The institutions and norms formed by Muslim society, intertwined with a patriarchal system not only consolidated men’s dominance over women, but also held women back with their traditional gender roles. These roles made women submit themselves to domestic responsibilities and internalize their gender roles as the “Others” in the family and society. Consequently, it made it difficult for them to obtain the resources that might help them regain autonomy.
The social practice of Egyptian Muslim women’s mobility is in conflict between the existing habitus and women’s hope toward future. Due to limited access of resources as well as the obstacles and constraints they might encounter while moving, women turn to marriage and family to ensure their survival in the patriarchal society. Although their decision will only make them perpetuate their dependence on men and family, which gradually forms a passive attitude toward their mobility. In addition, the essential capital required for mobility also leads to the disagreement on the issue of freedom of movement among women from different social classes. This is a primary reason why they have not become sufficiently strong to compete with patriarchal institutions and the ruling class that have put restrictions on their mobility. |
| Reference: | 一、書籍
馬堅（2016）。《中文譯解古蘭經》。Goodword Books.
Ahmed, L. (2012). A border passage: from Cairo to America--a woman`s journey (Reprint ed.). Penguin Books.
Amin, Q. (2000). The liberation of women; and, the new woman: two documents in the history of Egyptian feminism (S. S. Peterson, Trans.). American University in Cairo Press. (The liberation of women first published in Arabic in 1899 as Tahrir al-mar’a. The new woman first published in Arabic in 1900 as al-mar’a al-jadida)
Armstrong, K. (2018)。《穆罕默德：宣揚謙卑、寬容與和平的先知》（黃楷君譯；初版）。八旗文化。（原著出版於2006年）
Aslam, S. (2017). From stasis to mobility: Arab Muslim feminists and travelling theory. Oxford University Press.
Atiya, N. (1982). Khul-khaal: five Egyptian women tell their stories. Syracuse University Press.
Beauvoir, S. (2011). The second sex (C. Borde & S. M. Chevallier Trans.). Vintage Books. (Original work published 1949)
Bonnewitz, P. (2002)。《布赫迪厄社會學的第一課》（孫智綺譯；初版）。麥田出版。（原著出版於1997年）
Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice (R. Nice Trans.). Stanford University Press. (Original work published 1980)
Constant, L., & Edochie, I., & Glick, P., & Martini, J., & Garber, C. (2020). Barriers to employment that women face in Egypt: policy challenges and considerations. RAND Corporation.
El Feki, S., & Heilman, B., & Barker, G. (2017). Understanding masculinities: results from the international men and gender equality survey (IMAGES)- Middle East and North Africa. UN Women.
El Saadawi, N. (2001). Love in the kingdom of oil (B. Hatim & M. Williams Trans.). Saqi Books. (Original work published 1993)
El Saadawi, N. (1999). A daughter of Isis: the autobiography of Nawal El Saadawi (S. Hetata Trans.). Zed Books.
El Saadawi, N. (1992). My travel around the world (Reprint ed.). (S. Eber Trans.). Minerva. (Original work published 1986)
El Saadawi, N. (1983). Woman at point zero (S. Hetata Trans.). Zed Books. (Original work published 1975)
El Saadawi, N. (1980). The hidden face of Eve: women in the Arab world (S. Hetata Trans.). Zed Books. (Original work published 1977)
Eltahawy, M. (2015). Headscarves and hymens: why the Middle East needs a sexual revolution. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Gates, M. (2019). The moment of lift: how empowering women changes the world. Flatiron Books.
Gebel, M., & Heyne, S. (2014) Transitions to adulthood in the Middle East and North Africa: young women`s rising?. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137355560
Ghannam, F. (2002). Remaking the modern: Space, relocation, and the politics of identity in a global Cairo. University of California Press.
Ibrahim, M. (1990). Merchant capital and Islam. University of Texas Press.
Johnson, A. G. (2008)。《性別打結：拆除父權違建》（成令方等譯；初版）。群學出版。（原著出版於1997年）
Manne, K. (2017). Down girl: the logic of misogyny. Oxford University Press.
Mernissi, F. (1992). Islam and democracy: fear of the modern world (M. J. Lakeland Trans.). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Moghadam, V. M. (2003). Modernizing women: gender and social change in the Middle East (2nd ed.). Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Rifaat, A. (2014). Distant view of a minaret and other stories (D. J. Davies Trans.). Waveland Press. (Original work published 1983)
Urry, J. (2000). Sociology beyond societies: mobilities for the twenty-first century. Routledge.
Watterson, B. (2011). Women in ancient Egypt. Amberley Publishing Limited.
Wearing, B. (1998). Leisure and feminist theory. Sage.
二、書籍篇章
Ahmed, L. (2005). Arab culture and writing women’s bodies. In H. Moghissi (Ed.), Women and Islam: Social conditions, obstacles and prospects (Vol. 2) (pp. 202-215). Routledge.
Al-Tahawy, M. M. (2005). Women’s writing in the land of prohibitions: a study of Alifa Rifaat and female body protest as a tool for rebellion. In G. Ozyegin (Ed.), Gender and sexuality in Muslim cultures (pp. 275-296). Ashgate.
Clifford, J. (1992). Traveling Cultures. In L. Grossberg, C. Nelson & P. A. Treichler (Eds.) Cultural Studies (pp. 96-116). Routledge.
Hendy, R. (2015). Women’s participation in the Egyptian labor market: 1998-2012. In R. Assaad & C. Krafft (Eds.), The Egyptian labor market in an era of revolution (pp. 147-161). Oxford University Press.
Joseph, S., & Slyomovics, S. (2001). Introduction. In S. Joseph & S. Slyomovics (Eds.), Women and power in the Middle East (pp. 1-20). University of Pennsylvania Press.
Massey, D. (1993). Power-geometry and a progressive sense of place. In J. Bird, B. Curtis, T. Putnam, G. Robertson & L. Tickner (Eds.), Mapping the futures: local cultures, global change (pp. 59-69). Routledge.
Sanad, H. S., & Kassem, A. M., & Scott, N. (2010). Tourism and Islamic law. In N. Scott & J. Jafari (Eds.), Tourism in the Muslim World, Bridging Tourism Theory and Practice (pp. 17-30). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Spivak, G. C. (1994). Can the subaltern speak?. In P. Williams & L. Chrisman (Eds.), Colonial discourse and post-colonial theory: a reader (pp. 66-111). Columbia University Press.
Thimm, V. (2018). Muslim mobilities and gender: an introduction. In V. Thimm (Eds.), Understanding Muslim mobilities and gender (pp. 1-10). MDPI.
Tolmacheva, M. A. (1993). Ibn Battuta on women’s travel in the dar al-Islam. In B. Frederick & S. H. McLeod (Eds.), Women and the journey: the female travel experience (pp. 119-144). Washington State University Press.
Ussher, J. M. (2016). Misogyny. In N. A. Naples (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies (pp. 1-3). Wiley-Blackwell.
姜貞吟（2019）。〈必須賢淑－五種父權家庭拒斥的女性〉。載於王曉丹（主編），《這是愛女，也是厭女：如何看穿這世界拉攏與懲戒女人的兩手策略？》（初版，73-96頁），大家。
三、期刊論文
Abu‐Lughod, L. (2002). Do Muslim women really need saving? Anthropological reflections on cultural relativism and its others. American Anthropologist, 104(3), 783-790. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2002.104.3.783
Abu-Lughod, L. (1985). A community of secrets: The separate world of Bedouin women. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 10(4), 637-657. https://doi.org/10.1086/494176
Al-Hibri, A. (1982). A study of Islamic herstory: or how did we ever get into this mess? To the memory of my mother, Yusra Mīdāni, who was an active, independent, and capable Muslim woman. Women`s Studies International Forum, 5(2), 207-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(82)90028-0
Amin, S., & Al‐Bassusi, N. H. (2004). Education, wage work, and marriage: perspectives of Egyptian working women. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(5), 1287-1299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00093.x
Assaad, R. (1997). The effects of public sector hiring and compensation policies on the Egyptian labor market. The World Bank Economic Review, 11(1), 85-118. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/11.1.85
Assaad, R., & Arntz, M. (2004). Constrained geographical mobility and gendered labor market outcomes under structural adjustment: evidence from Egypt. World Development, 33(3), 431-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.08.007
Assaad, R., & Levison, D., & Zibani, N. (2010). The effect of domestic work on girls’ schooling: evidence from Egypt. Feminist Economics, 16(1), 79-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700903382729
Binzel, C., & Carvalho, J. P. (2017). Education, social mobility and religious movements: the Islamic revival in Egypt. The Economic Journal, 127(607), 2553-2580. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12416
Crawford, D. W., & Godbey, G. (1987). Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure. Leisure Sciences, 9(2), 119-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490408709512151
Dancer, D., & Rammohan, A. (2007). Determinants of schooling in Egypt: the role of gender and rural/urban residence. Oxford Development Studies, 35(2), 171-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600810701322041
De Koning, A. (2009). Gender, public space and social segregation in Cairo: of taxi drivers, prostitutes and professional women. Antipode, 41(3), 533-556. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2009.00686.x
Haddad, R. (2019). Understanding muslim woman travel behaviour: a theoretical. perspective. Œconomica, 15(6), 233-244. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/understanding-muslim-woman-travel-behaviour/docview/2310492441/se-2
Hanson, S. (2010). Gender and mobility: new approaches for informing sustainability. Gender, Place & Culture, 17(1), 5-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/09663690903498225
Nazier, H., & Ramadan, R. (2018). What empowers Egyptian women: resources versus social constrains?. Review of Economics and Political Science, 3(3/4), 153-175. https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-10-2018-015
Nelson, C. (1974). Public and private politics: women in the Middle Eastern world. American Ethnologist, 1(3), 551-563. https://www.jstor.org/stable/643366
Odeh, L. A. (2010). Honor killings and the construction of gender in Arab societies. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 58(4), 911-952. https://doi.org/10.5131/ajcl.2010.0007
Rock-Singer, A. (2016). The Salafi mystique: the rise of gender segregation in 1970s Egypt. Islamic Law and Society, 23(3), 279-305. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685195-00233p03
Salti, R. M. (1991). Feminism and religion in Alifa Rifaat`s short stories. International Fiction Review, 18(2), 108-112. https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/IFR/article/view/14098
Samari, G. (2017). First birth and the trajectory of women’s empowerment in Egypt. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 17(2), 43-55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1494-2
Winegar, J. (2012). The privilege of revolution: gender, class, space, and affect in Egypt. American Ethnologist, 39(1), 67-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1425.2011.01349.x
Wolff, J. (1993). On the road again: metaphors of travel in cultural criticism. Cultural Studies, 7(2), 224-239. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502389300490151
四、學術研討會論文
Elbadawy, A. (2010, Apr. 15-17). Education returns in the marriage market: does female education investment improve the quality of future husbands in Egypt? [Conference session]. Population Association of America 2010 Annual Meeting Program, Dallas, TX, United States. https://paa2010.princeton.edu/papers/101788
Singer, R. (2019). Love, Sex, and Marriage in Ibn Battuta`s Travels [Conference session]. MAD-RUSH Undergraduate Research Conference, Harrisonburg, VA, United States. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/madrush/2019/love/1/
五、專題研究報告
Aguirre, D., & Hoteit, L., & Rupp, C., & Sabbagh, K. (2012). Empowering the third billion: women and the world of work in 2012. Booz and Company. http://www.booz.com/media/uploads/BoozCo_Empowering-the-Third-Billion_Full-Report.pdf
Assaad, R. (2007). Unemployment and youth insertion in the labor market in Egypt. The Egyptian Center for Economic Studies (ECES). http://www.eces.org.eg/cms/NewsUploads/Pdf/2019_1_13-9_6_812.pdf
Fattah, D. A. (2020, August). The constrained mobility and economic activity of women. ECES.http://www.eces.org.eg/PublicationsDetails?Lang=EN&C=12&T=1&ID=1228&The-Constrained-Mobility-and-Economic-Activity-of-Egyptian-Women
Herrera, S., & Badr, K. (2012). Internal migration in Egypt: levels, determinants, wages, and likelihood of employment. The World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/12014
Mastercard-CrescentRating. (2019, October). Mastercard-CrescentRating muslim women in travel 2019. Mastercard & CrescentRating Publishing. https://www.crescentrating.com/reports/muslim-women-in-travel-2019.html
OECD. (2018, March). OECD Tourism trends and policies 2018. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/tour-2018-en
Schwab, K. (2017, September). The global competitiveness index 2017-2018 edition. World Economic Forum. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR2017-2018/05FullReport/TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2017–2018.pdf
UNDP. (2020). Human Development Report 2020. UNDP. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf
UNICEF & J-PAL. (2020). Strengthening the Egyptian education system to better reach marginalized children and youth: what we can learn from randomized evaluations. https://documents.aucegypt.edu/Docs/Business/Global%20Evidence%20for%20Egypt%20Spotlight%20Seminar%20on%20Education_Seminar%20Brief.pdf
六、新聞與網路資料
Afify, H. (2016, September 20). There’s no room at this hotel if you’re a woman. Mada. https://www.madamasr.com/en/2016/09/20/feature/society/theres-no-room-at-this-hotel-if-youre-a-woman/
Al-Sharif, M. (2003, July 12). The fiqh of hajj for women. Islamicfiqh.net. https://islamicfiqh.net/en/books/the-fiqh-of-hajj-for-women-177
Al-Tahawy, M. (n.d.). Writing the body and the rhetoric of protest in Arab women’s literature. Journal of Levantine Studies. https://levantine-journal.org/writing-body-rhetoric-protest-arab-womens-literature/
Aravanis, M. (2020, October 20). The Odyssey of living independently as a young adult in Egypt. Egyptian Streets. https://egyptianstreets.com/2020/10/20/the-odyssey-of-living-independently-as-a-young-adult-in-egypt/
Bourbeau, H. (2001, September 28). Egyptian women push for right to travel freely / As it is now, male relative’s OK is required. SFGATE.com. https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Egyptian-women-push-for-right-to-travel-freely-2874514.php
Brown, N. J. (2012, May 15). Egypt and Islamic Sharia: A guide for the perplexed. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2012/05/15/egypt-and-islamic-sharia-guide-for-perplexed-pub-48119
CEIC. (n.d.). Egypt Average Household Expenditure: Value. CEIC. https://www.ceicdata.com/en/egypt/average-household-expenditure/average-household-expenditure-value
Egypt Today. (2021, March 21). Sisi expresses deep respect for Egyptian women, reassures them about personal status law. Egypt Today. https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/99966/Sisi-expresses-deep-respect-for-Egyptian-women-reassures-them-about
Farag, N. (2021). ECWR rejects the draft Personal Status Law. ECWR. http://ecwronline.org/?p=8470
Gamal, A. (2015, July 21). Egypt: the lure for girls of living alone. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33347904
Google Doodle. (2021, June 5). Alifa Rifaat’s 91st birthday. Google. https://www.google.com/doodles/alifa-rifaats-91st-birthday?hl=en
Human Rights Watch. (2016, June 28). Egypt: travel ban on women’s rights leader. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/06/28/egypt-travel-ban-womens-rights-leader#
Jenkins, S. (2000, January 28). Egypt`s women allowed divorce but no support. The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/egypt-s-women-allowed-divorce-but-no-support-1.238615
Landers, L. (2018, March 21). Women’s travel trends for 2018. Girlpower Marketing. https://girlpowermarketing.com/womens-travel-trends-2018/
Leila, R. (2021, March 25). Egypt: power to women. Ahram Online. https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/50/1201/407657/AlAhram-Weekly/Egypt/Egypt-Power-to-women-.aspx
Lotfi, F. (2019, March 10). Women’s Day: females’ right to live independently in Egypt. Daily News Egypt. https://dailynewsegypt.com/2019/03/10/womens-day-females-right-to-live-independently-in-egypt/
Mada Masr. (2021, March 18). #Guardianshipismyright: women call for greater legal rights over their children and themselves. Mada. https://www.madamasr.com/en/2021/03/18/feature/politics/guardianshipismyright-women-call-for-greater-legal-rights-over-their-children-and-themselves/
Martin, P. (1991, December 5). Author turned to Islam to unlock her forbidden gift Alifa Rifaat ‘When I pray, I feel I`m sitting with my lover,’ says the writer who speaks for the traditional Egyptian women. Globe & Mail (Toronto, Canada)
PopulationPyramid.net. (n.d.). Egypt 2015. PopulationPyramid.net. https://www.populationpyramid.net/egypt/2015/
Quran.com. (n.d.). Surah An-Nisa: verse 34 (4:34). Quran.com. https://quran.com/4:34
Sunnah.com. (n.d.). Sahih al-Bukhari 1087. Sunnah.com. https://sunnah.com/bukhari:1087
Sunnah.com. (n.d.). Sahih al-Bukhari 1088. Sunnah.com. https://sunnah.com/bukhari:1088
Sunnah.com. (n.d.). Sahih al-Bukhari 3006. Sunnah.com. https://sunnah.com/bukhari/56/215
Sunnah.com. (n.d.). Sahih Muslim 1829a. Sunnah.com. https://sunnah.com/muslim:1829a
Teymoori, A. (2019, May 15). Al-Azhar’s fatwa on women’s freedom to leave the house. Ijtihad Network. http://ijtihadnet.com/al-azhars-fatwa-on-womens-freedom-to-leave-the-house/
The Economist. (2021, March 27). Nawal El-Saadawi died on March 21st. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/obituary/2021/03/25/nawal-el-saadawi-died-on-march-21st
The World Bank. (n.d.). Labor force, female (% of total labor force) - Egypt, Arab Rep. The World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.FE.ZS?locations=EG
Trading Economics. (n.d.). Egypt Tourism Revenues. Trading Economics. https://tradingeconomics.com/egypt/tourism-revenues
UNESCO. (n.d.). Egypt. UNESCO. http://uis.unesco.org/country/EG
Urry, J. (2002, April). Mobility and connections. https://ville-en-mouvement.pagesperso-orange.fr/telechargement/040602/mobility.pdf
World Values Survey [WVS]. (n.d.). World Values Survey Wave 7: 2017-2020, selected samples: Egypt 2018. WVS. https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSOnline.jsp
الحضري, ه.
(2021, February 17).
An unofficial rule forbids Egyptian women from booking hotel rooms. VICE. https://www.vice.com/en/article/n7vdpz/an-unofficial-rule-forbids-egyptian-women-from-booking-hotel-rooms
خليل, م.
(2000, November 15).
شيخ الأزهر: الشريعة الإسلامية أعطت للمرأة حق السفر دون إذن زوجها. الشرق الأوسط.
https://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?issueno=8059&article=13435#.YW-gbi_7hQI
مصراوي.
(2019, May 10).
شيخ الأزهر: استئذان الزوجة من زوجها للخروج من المنزل ضرورة لاستقرار الأسرة. مصراوي.
https://www.masrawy.com/news/news_egypt/details/2019/5/10/1565786/-
七、影音資訊
Diab, M. (Director). (2010). Cairo 678 [Film]. New Century Production. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
中東與中亞研究碩士學位學程
108560001 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108560001 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| DOI: | 10.6814/NCCU202101651 |
| Appears in Collections: | [中東與中亞研究碩士學位學程] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 000101.pdf | | 2191Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 224 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
