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    题名: 社會企業之公司治理──以公益報告為核心
    Corporate Governance of Social Enterprises: Focus on Benefit Reports
    作者: 王郁文
    Wang, Yu-Wen
    贡献者: 朱德芳
    Chu, Te-Fang
    王郁文
    Wang, Yu-Wen
    关键词: 社會企業
    公益公司
    資訊揭露
    第三方標準
    第三方認證
    公益報告
    social enterprise
    benefit corporation
    information disclosure
    third-party standard
    third-party certification
    benefit report
    日期: 2021
    上传时间: 2021-10-01 10:07:57 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 隨著時代的轉變,企業不一定僅以營利為唯一目標,開始有企業以追求社會使命與社會目標為設立目的,在這股風潮下,世界各地開始出現社會企業的概念,我國近年也開始出現這股風潮,社會企業如雨後春筍般出現,但在缺乏相關法規制度下,造成我國的社會企業定位不明,社會企業缺乏一個機制去遵循,同時也因為缺乏資訊揭露的規定,開始讓人擔憂會產生洗綠現象(green washing)的問題,故本文將著重在對於社會企業資訊揭露的相關規範,並在第二章列舉近年我國所提出的社會企業相關草案,同時比較其優缺點,並提出我國目前所面臨的問題。
    社會企業的法律制度主要分成兩大類型,一者為以第三部門為出發點而發展出來的社會企業型態,此種模式有著社會公共部門色彩;另一者為市場導向所建立的社會企業制度,主要是以美國為首,本文將在第三章介紹社會部門立法模式與市場部門立法模式相關制度,並以韓國、比利時、英國、美國各州的立法例為介紹對象。
    在第四章部分本文將介紹第三方標準與第三方認證制度,並以國外較常見的制度為例作為我國的借鏡,同時提出社會企業該如何選擇第三方標準;社會企業該如何以第三方標準呈現在公益報告上,以及在資訊揭露上是否該採用大小分流制度,並對於是否強制採用第三方標準或第三方認證進行分析,最後在第五章提出公益報告的建構,在該章敘述社會企業應在公益報告中揭露什麼資訊,希望透過本文可以給與社會企業一個明確的指引方向。
    With the evolution of the times, companies do not necessarily have to make profit only as their sole goal. Some companies have begun to pursue social missions and social goals as the purpose of establishment. Under this trend, the concept of social enterprise began to appear all over the world. This trend has also begun to appear in our country in recent years, and social enterprises have sprung up like mushrooms. However, in the absence of relevant laws and regulations, the positioning of social enterprises in our country is unclear, and social enterprises lack a mechanism to follow. Lack of the law about information disclosure , people are beginning to worry about the problem of green washing. Therefore, this paper will focus on the regulations for social enterprise information disclosure. In the chapter 2, we list the relevant drafts of social enterprises proposed by our country in recent years, compare their advantages and disadvantages, and put forward the problems that our country is currently facing.
    The legal system of social enterprises is mainly divided into two types, one is a social enterprise type developed from the third sector as a starting point, and this model has the characteristics of a social public sector; the other is a social enterprise system established by the market. , Mainly led by the United States, this paper will introduce the social sector legislative model and the relevant system of the market sector legislative model in the third chapter, and will introduce the examples of South Korea, Belgium, the United Kingdom, and the United States as the object of introduction.
    In the chapter 4, this paper will introduce third-party standards and third-party certification systems, and take the more common foreign systems as an example for our country. At the same time, it will propose how social enterprises should choose third-party standards; How should social enterprises be presented in benefit reports with third-party standards, and whether the information disclosure should adopt the large and small split system, and analyze whether third-party standards or third-party certification are mandatory. Finally, in Chapter 5, the construction of the benefit report is proposed. This chapter describes what information social enterprises should disclose in the benefit report. It is hoped that this paper can give social enterprises a clear direction.
    參考文獻: 一、 中文資料
    (一) 書籍
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    (二) 期刊論文
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    21 黃坤祥、游皓偉、黃瓊芬,庇護工場與身心障礙者就業開發之探討-高雄縣「一家工場」之實證分析,社區發展季刊,110期,頁450-464,2005年6月。
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    (三) 研究報告
    1 黃春長、高明瑞,我國社會企業的行動性研究,勞動部勞動及職業安全衛生研究所委託研究計劃,2016年3月。

    (四) 學位論文
    1 尤昱婷,公司型社會企業中資訊揭露與認證制度之初探,國立臺灣大學法律學院法律學研究所碩士論文,2018年5月。
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    (五) 網路期刊文章
    1 許萬龍、曾薏如,突破舊式思維窠臼:探討社會企業的創新價值與經營策略(下),社企流,上網日期2021年4月29日,檢自: https://www.seinsights.asia/story/257/794/1353
    2 郭潔鈴,「了解自己,才能成就永續職涯」力世代人才揭開工作現場的面紗,社企流,為青年指點迷津,上網日期:2021年5月15日,檢自::https://www.seinsights.asia/article/3291/3280/7432。
    3 陳昱安,亞洲社企領頭羊-南韓「社會企業促進法」介紹,社企流,上網日期2021年4月29日,檢自::https://www.seinsights.asia/story/1266/795/2119
    4 (Alex Liu),GRI 準則內容介紹2016 年新版準則的架構、重點與新舊差異,上網日期2021年4月29日,網址: GRI-Standards-intro-BSI-Alex-Liu_unlocked.pdf。

    (六) 中文網站
    1 B Lab,給第一次聽到B型企業的您,上網日期2021年4月29日,檢自:http://blab.tw/what-is-b-corp。
    2 B Lab Taiwan B 型企業協會,給第一次聽B 型企業的您,上網日期2021年4月29日,檢自:http://blab.tw/what-is-b-corp。
    3 B Lab,進行B 型企業認證BIA 中英文對照範例,上網日期2021年4月29日,檢自:http://blab.tw/becomeabcorp。
    4 B Lab商業影響力評估(B Impact Assessment最新版本第六版-公司治理),上網日期2021年5月4日,檢自:https://static1.squarespace.com/static/552eefd1e4b0c6b6fbd179cb/t/5a94dd7c08522920b0d05e1d/1519705472739/Services_%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86%2B%E5%AE%A2%E6%88%B6.pdf。
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    6 B Lab商業影響力評估(B Impact Assessment最新版本第六版-環境),上網日期2021年5月4日,檢自: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/552eefd1e4b0c6b6fbd179cb/t/5a94def70d9297d5c07f3227/1519705848565/Services_%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83.pdf。
    7 B Lab商業影響力評估(B Impact Assessment最新版本第六版-社區),上網日期2021年5月4日,檢自:https://static1.squarespace.com/static/552eefd1e4b0c6b6fbd179cb/t/5a94de9e0d9297d5c07f2032/1519705759983/Services_%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80.pdf。
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    https://www.isoleader.com.tw/home/iso-coaching-detail/SA8000。
    12 SA8000標準條文,上網日期2021年4月29日,檢自:
    https://sa-intl.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/SA8000-2014_Chinese.pdf。
    13 金融監督管理委員會,2020年8月25日,公司治理3.0-永續發展藍圖新聞稿,上網日期2021年4月29日,檢自:
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    15 產業永續發展聯何資訊網,企業社會責任-企業社會責任規範與標準介紹,上網日期2021年4月25日,檢自:https://proj.ftis.org.tw/isdn/Article/ArticleView/44?mid=111&page=1&groupid=28&subgroup=41。
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    二、 英文資料
    (一) 書籍
    1 Alexander, Rick (2017), BENEFIT CORPORATION LAW AND GOVERNANCE: PURSUING PROFIT WITH PURPOSE, USA: Berrett-Koehler Publisher.
    2 Brakman, Reiser Dana & Steven A. Dean, (2017), SOCIAL ENTERPRISE LAW: TRUST, PUBLIC BENEFIT, AND CAPITAL MARKETS, USA, Oxford University Press.

    (二) 期刊論文
    1 Alon-Beck, Anat, Times They Are A-Change`: When Tech Employees Revolt!, 80 Md. L. Rev. 120,155 (2020).
    2 Asmus, Kayleen, Finding the Benefit in a New Administration: A Uniform B Corporation Legislation, 43 J. CORP. L. 375, 382. (2018).
    3 Brakman, Reiser Dana, Theorizing Forms for Social Enterprise, 62 EMORY L.J. 681, 693-694 (2013).
    4 Cafaggi, Fabrizio and Iamiceli, Paola, New Frontiers in the Legal Structure and Legislation of Social Enterprise in Europe: A Comparative Analysis, in the changing boundaries of social enterprise, SSRN Electronic Journal, 25, 6 (2009).
    5 Cho, Michelle, Benefit Corporations in the United States and Community Interest Companies in the United Kingdom: Does Social Enterprise Actually Work?, 37 NW. J. INT`L L. & BUS. 149, 152 (2017).
    6 Doeringer, Matthew F, Fostering Social Enterprise: A Historical and International Analysis, 20 DUKE J. COMP. & INT`L L.291, 309 (2010).
    7 Easterbrook, Frank H. and Fischel, Daniel R., Mandatory Disclosure And The Protection Of Investors, 70 VA. L. REV. 669, 673(1984).
    8 Esposito, Robert T., The Social Enterprise Revolution In Corporate Law: A Primer On Emerging Corporate Entities In Europe And The United States And The Case For The Benefit Corporation,4 WM. &MARY BUS. L. REV 639,677 (2010).
    9 Farvaque, Etienne, Refait-Alexandre, Catherine and Saidane, ‪Dhafer, Corporate disclosure: A review of its (direct and indirect) benefits and costs. International Economics, 128, 8. (2011).‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
    10 Fox, Merritt B, Civil Liability and Mandatory Disclosure, 109 COLUM. L. REV. 237, 265 (2009).
    11 Hacker, Michael A., "Profit, People, Planet" Perverted: Holding Benefit Corporations Accountable To Intended Beneficiaries, 57 B.C. L. REV., 1758-1759 (2016).
    12 Ho, Tina H., Social Purpose Corporations: The Next Targets for Greenwashing Practices and Crowdfunding Scams, 13 Seattle J. for Soc. Just. 935,950. (2015).
    13 Horton, Brent J, To Their Full Potential: How A Uniform Disclosure Regime Will Empower Benefit Corporation, 9 HARV. BUS. L. REV, 23 (forthcoming winter 2018-2019).
    14 Lloyd, Stephen, Transcript: Creating the CIC, 35(1) VT. L. REV. 31, 35 (2010)
    15 Marcum, Tanya M, Blair, Eden S, The Value of Values: An Update on The L3C Entity, Its Uses and Possibility, 88 UMKC L. Rev. 927,930 (2020).
    16 Murray, J. Haskell, Choose Your Own Master: Social Enterprise, Certifications, and Benefit Corporation Statutes, 2 AM. U. BUS. L. REV. 1, 43-44 (2012).
    17 Murray, J. Haskell, Social Enterprise Innovation: Delaware`s Public Benefit Corporation Law, 4 Harv. Bus. L. Rev. 360 (2014).
    18 Murray, J. Haskell, An Early Report on Benefit Reports, 118 W. Va. L. Rev.51(2015).
    19 Murray, J. Haskell, The Social Enterprise Law Market, 75 MD. L. Rev. 541, 543-544 (2016).
    20 Nows, David and Thomas, Jeff, Delaware`s Public Benefit Corporation: The Traditional Vc-Backed Company`s Mission-Driven Twin, 88 UMKC L. Rev. 873,882 (2020).
    21 Nyilasy, Gergely., Gangadharbatla, Harsha. and Paladino, Angela, Perceived Greenwashing: The Interactive Effects of Green Advertising and Corporate Environmental Performance on Consumer Reactions, J Bus Ethics 125, 693-707 (2014).
    22 Pearce, John A. and Hopkins, Jamie Patrick, Regulation of L3Cs for Social Entrepreneurship: A Prerequisite to Increased Utilization, 92 NEB. L. REV. 259, 270-271 (2014).
    23 Plerhoples, Alicia, Delaware Public Benefit Corporations 90 Days Out: Who`s Opting in?, 14 U.C. Davis Bus. L.J. 251 (2014).
    24 Plerhoples, Alicia, Nonprofit Displacement and The Pursuit Of Charity Through Public Benefit Corporations, 21 LEWIS & CLARK L. REV. 525, 560-61 (2017).
    25 Schmidt, Elizabeth, Corporations and Climate Change: How Businesses are Changing the Environmental Landscape: New Structures for Social Enterprises: Designed for One Role But Playing Another, 43 VT. L. REV. 675,702 (2019).
    26 Sorensen, Karsten Engsig and Neville, Mette, Social enterprises: how should company law balance flexibility and credibility? , E.B.O.R. 2014, 15(2), 295 (2014).
    27 Verheyden, Maxime, Public Reporting by Benefit Corporations: Importance, Compliance, and Recommendations, 14 Hastings Bus. L.J. 13-14 (2018).
    28 Weiler, Christian Neumann, The Low-Profit Limited Liability Company Has Arrived In Louisiana, 59 La. B.J. 98,98 (2011).
    29 White, Thomas J III, Benefit Corporations: Increased Oversight Through Creation of the Benefit Corporation Commission, 41 J. Legis. 348 (2015).

    (三) 英文判決
    1 Dodge v. Ford Motor Company, 204 Mich. 459, 170 N.W. 668 (Mich. 1919)

    (四) 外文網路期刊文章
    1 Argyrou, Aikaterini, The Belgian Vennootschap met Social Oogmerk (VSO) legal label, Retrieved March 15 2021, from: https://www.navigator.nl/document/id2883669ebb234e5286b080b75ef80177/social-enterprises-in-the-eu-instituut-voor-ondernemingsrecht-nr-111-3-1-1-4-the-belgian-vennootschap-met-sociaal-oogmerk-vso-legal-label?ctx=WKNL_CSL_2608
    2 Argyrou, Aikaterini, Lambooy, T, Blomme, Robert, Kievit, Henk、Kruseman, Guus Nieuwenhuijzen and Siccama, Duco Hora., An Empirical Investigation of Supportive Legal Frameworks for Social Enterprises in Belgium: A Cross-Sectoral Comparison of Case Studies Concerning Social Enterprises in the Social Housing, Retrieved March 15 2021 ,from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301261936_An_Empirical_Investigation_of_Supportive_Legal_Frameworks_for_Social_Enterprises_in_Belgium_A_Cross-Sectoral_Comparison_of_Case_Studies_Concerning_Social_Enterprises_in_the_Social_Housing_Finance_and_.
    3 Choi, Young-Chool and Jang,Ji-Hyun (2014). Analysis of Current Conditions Facing Social Enterprises in Korea: Policy Issues Regarding Their Sustainable Development, 124, Retrieved March 15 2021, from:
    https://thejournalofbusiness.org/index.php/site/article/view/460/349
    4 Chiodini, Steven R, Goodbye Flexible Purpose Corporation, Hello Social Purpose Corporation, Retrieved April 15 2021, from: https://www.adlercolvin.com/blog/2014/10/06/goodbye-flexible-purpose-corporation-hello-social-purpose-corporation-governor-brown-signs-s-b-1301/
    5 Clark, William H.and Vranka, Larry, White Paper- Appendix C: Alternative Corporate Structures Intended to Address the Legal Issues Described Above Retrieved May 5 2021, from: http://benefitcorp.net/sites/default/files/Benefit_Corporation_White_Paper.pdf
    6 Defourny, Jacques and Nyssens, Marthe, The EMES Approach of Social Enterprise in a Comparative Perspective JOURNAL,3,7, Retrieved March 15 2021, from: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/17508610810922703/full/html
    7 Field, Anne, North Carolina Officially Abolishes The L3C, FORBES , Retrieved March 15 2021, from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/annefield/2014/01/11/north-carolina-officially-abolishes-the-l3c/#7b43f71e3d7f
    8 Gran, Jonas M, California Flexible Purpose And Benefit Corporations, California Business Law Blog: Law Office, Retrieved March 15 2021, from: http://californiabusinesslaw.blogspot.com/2012/01/california-flexible-purpose-benefit.html
    9 Horowszowski, Mark, The Truth About Raising Money as a Benefit Corporation, Moving Worlds Blog ,Retrieved March 20 2021, from:https://blog.movingworlds.org/the-truth-about-raising-money-as-a-benefitcorporation/(stating that for-profit social enterprise finds it hard to raise capital)
    10 Lee, Eun-Ae and Kim, Young-Sik, Social Economy and Public Policy Development: A South Korean Case , Retrieved March 15 2021, from:
    http://www.reliess.org/centredoc/upload/SocialEconomy_KoreanCaseStudy_FinalRevision_201309_.pdf
    11 Metzer, Steve, Benefit corporations allowed under new state law, The Journal Record, Retrieved April 20 2021, from: https://journalrecord.com/2019/04/29/benefit-corporations-allowed-under-new-state-law/?fbclid=IwAR0XtD62tVyi7r5QR_hGOG_FqJi8hHlfziIkpTp2MiFD3894-LUiHUDO8QE
    12 Treppa, Julie, Gehman, Lindsay and Lopez, Jorge, Flexible Purpose Corporations,Publications of Coblentz Patch Duffy & Bass LLP, Retrieved April 20 2021, from:
    http://www.coblentzlaw.com/images/uploads/content/Flexible_Purpose_Corporations_-_Article.pdf

    (五) 其他英文資料
    1 B Corp Disclosure Materials, Retrieve May 5 2021, from: https://bcorporation.net/sites/default/files/documents/standards/B_Corp_DisclosureQuestionnaire-blank.pdf?_ga=2.63391654.806666438.1602041848-2006449065.1566201856
    2 B Lab, About B Corps , Retrieved May 5 2021, from:
    https://bcorporation.net/about-b-corpsB Lab, Model Benefit
    3 Corporation Legislation With Explanatory Comments, Retrieved May 15 2021, from:
    http://benefitcorp.net/sites/default/files/Model%20benefit%20corp%20legislation%20_4_17_17.pdf
    4 Certification FAQ about Green America`s Green Business Standards, Retrieved April 23, from: https://www.greenamerica.org/gbn/certification-faq
    5 CMS Law-Now, Belgium passes code that reforms cooperatives and abolishes social purpose companies, Retrieved March 15 2021, from:
    https://www.cms-lawnow.com/ealerts/2019/04/belgium-passes-code-that-reforms-cooperatives-and-abolishes-social-purpose-companies?cc_lang=en
    6 CIC34: community interest company report, The Office of the Regulator of Community Interest Companies (CIC Regulator)`s forms for submitting a simplified or detailed CIC report with examples, Retrieved April 12 2021, from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/form-cic34-community-interest-company-report
    7 Department for Business Innovation & Skills, Office of the Regulator of Community Interest Companies: Information and guidance notes (May 2016), Chapter 6: The Asset Lock, Retrieved April 12 2021, from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/524154/14-1089-community-interest-companies-chapter-6-the-asset-lock.pdf
    8 EMES, Research Network For Social Enterprise, Retrieved March 5, 2021, from: https://emes.net/
    9 Future of Social Purpose Company in Belgium, European Social Enterprise Law Association , Retrieved March 15 2021, from: http://esela.eu/news/not-belgian-corporate-specialists-question-use-social-purpose-company-adequate-legal-status-social-business/
    10 Form CIC34 – simplified community interest company report Retrieved April 15 2021, from:
    https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/form-cic36-application-to-form-a-community-interest-company
    11 Form CIC36: Application to incorporate a Community Interest Company (Word Version), Retrieved April 15 2021, from:
    https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/form-cic36-application-to-form-a-community-interest-company
    12 Green America`s Green Business Standards (Food Products: General), Retrieved April 29 2021, from:
    https://www.greenamerica.org/green-business-network-standard/food-products-general
    13 Green America`s Green Business Standards (Fair Trade Gifts), Retrieved April 29 2021, from: https://www.greenamerica.org/green-business-network-standard/fair-trade-gifts
    14 GRI’s History, GRI Website. Retrieved April 23, from: https://www.globalreporting.org/about-gri/mission-history/
    15 GRI & IoE. Small business. big impact-SME sustainability reporting from vision to action (2016) Retrieved March 20 2021, from:
    https://www.ioeemp.org/fileadmin/ioe_documents/publications/Policy%20Areas/sustainability/EN/20171113_Small_business__big_impact_-_publication_ENGLISH_version.pdf
    16 New Certification Review Process and Timeline Overview, Retrieved May 4 2021, from: https://kb.bimpactassessment.net/en/support/solutions/articles/43000621588-evaluation-queue-wait-time?_ga=2.166131134.1092415773.1620070048-1524100738.1620070048
    17 OECD, Social Enterprises(2014) ; European Commission, A Map of Social Enterprises and Their Eco-systems in Europe, Country Report: Belgium,1, Retrieved March 15 2021, from: http://ec.europa.eu/social/keyDocuments.jsp?pager.offset=10&&langId=en&mode=advancedSubmi t&advSearchKey=socentcntryrepts
    18 Patagonia(2016). Inc., Annual Benefit Corporation Report 10 [hereinafter Patagonia 2016 Report], Retrieved April 15 2021, from:
    https://www.patagonia.com/static/on/demandware.static/-/Library-Sites-PatagoniaShared/default/dw883f0dc2/PDF-US/2016-B-CorpReport-031417.pdf.
    19 Seventh Generation, Inc., 2017 Corporate Consciousness Report 56 (2017) [hereinafter Seventh Generation 2017 Report], Retrieved April 15 2021, from: https://www.seventhgeneration.com/sites/default/files/2018-07/SVG_CC-Report_LOWRES-PREVIEW.p
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