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    Title: 美國對於中美洲移民政策與作為之研究
    An Analysis of the United States of America`s Immigration Policy Behavior towards Central America
    Authors: 洪大鈞
    Hung, Ta-Chun
    Contributors: 鄧中堅
    洪大鈞
    Hung, Ta-Chun
    Keywords: 美國
    中美洲
    移民政策
    薩爾瓦多
    The United States
    Central American countries
    El Salvador
    immigration policy
    Date: 2021
    Issue Date: 2021-08-04 16:17:19 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 本文將分析美國對於中美洲國家的移民政策與其作為。藉此，學生欲檢視並分析比爾．柯林頓 (Bill Clinton) 總統截至唐納．川普 (Donald Trump) 總統時期，美國政府制定移民政策的重要因素以及未來美國與中美洲在雙邊關係以及移民面向上的發展。其中，本文會以中美洲國家薩爾瓦多為例，透過三個層次的分析：個人、國家以及國際，探討背後的歷史脈絡與決策考量。
    在個人分析上，本文著重於決策者 （美國總統） 的成長背景與個人理念如何去影響移民政策的制定。國家分析則聚焦在美國政府內部對於移民政策影響深厚的決策機構，舉例而言，美國國會、美國國土安全局以及美國司法部如何限制決策者以及移民。最後的國際層次會重視國際組織、國際環境以及薩國內部如何應對美國的中美洲移民政策。
    學生將透過反思美國移民政策在過去人道援助、國土安全乃至現今經濟社會因素的思辨下，未來薩爾瓦多移民該何去何從，以後美國政府又該注意什麼。
    This thesis wishes to analyze the United States’ immigration policy behavior towards Central American countries. As a result, the most important factors that influence past presidents’ (from president Bill Clinton to president Donald Trump) immigration policies and their respective impacts on the bilateral relations and immigration with Central American countries will be examined. Among cases, I have chosen El Salvador as a case study and will use a three-image analysis (individualistic, domestic, and international) analytical framework to better understand the historical context and the concerns of decision makers.
    In regards to the individualistic analysis, this thesis will focus on the background and personal belief of each decision maker (the U.S presidents) and how those elements affect the policy making of the immigration policy. On the domestic level, I will emphasize on the crucial institutions that shape these policies. For example, the Congress, the Department of Homeland Security, and the Department of Justice, and how they each put a constraint on policy makers and immigrants alike. Lastly, on the international level, I will discuss the international organizations, the globe, and how El Salvador react to the US’ immigration policy towards Central America.
    This thesis wishes to reflect upon what the forthcoming concerns for the U.S government are and the future of the immigrants from El Salvador under the past concerns of humanitarian aid, homeland security, and the current social-economic factors, which have shaped the U.S’ immigration policy throughout the years.
    Reference: 壹、 中文部分
    專書
    張國城，美國的決斷（臺北：八旗文化出版，2020年）。
    彭懷恩，比較政府各論（臺北：風雲論壇有限公司，2011年）。
    專書論文
    向駿，「中美拉三邊關係研究理論之探討」，向駿、陳敬忠主編，橫議拉丁美洲（臺北：政大出版社，2020年），頁107-132。
    郭潔，「變化中的拉美經濟關係：多元化及其前景」，李明、邱稔壤主編，地緣政治經濟之爭奪戰中國大陸在非西方世界攻城掠地？（臺北：五南圖書出版公司，2020年），頁95-124。
    黃富娟，「新自由主義與市場驅動的拉美社經結構變遷(1980-2010)」，向駿、陳敬忠主編，橫議拉丁美洲（臺北：政大出版社，2020年），頁69-103。
    楊建平，「21世紀初期中國大陸與拉丁美洲關係發展」，向駿、陳敬忠主編，橫議拉丁美洲（臺北：政大出版社，2020年），頁192-194。
    鄧中堅，「從地緣政治看美國與拉丁美洲政經關係」，向駿、陳敬忠主編，橫議拉丁美洲（臺北：政大出版社，2020年），頁133-170。
    專書譯著
    Joseph Nye著，林添貴譯，強權者的道德（臺北：天下文化出版，2020年）。
    Peter L. Berger and Samuel P. Huntington著，王柏鴻譯，杭廷頓&柏格看全球化大趨勢 (臺北市：時報文化，2002)。
    Peter Stalker著，蔡繼光譯，國際遷徙與移民─解讀「離國出走」（臺北：書林出版有限公司，2002）。
    Samuel Huntington著，高德源、劉純佑、石吉雄譯，誰是美國人─族群融合的問題與國家認同的危機（新北市：左岸文化，2008）。
    期刊論文
    張光球，「歐巴馬的拉美方位」，拉丁美洲經貿季刊，第4期（2010年），頁12-20。
    網際網路
    「美國都是「左派」在亂? 談什麼是左派、右派」，上報，〈https://www.upmedia.mg/news_info.php?SerialNo=93767〉（2020年8月15日）。
    「美國夢碎？反移民的最後通牒 川普終止DACA計畫」，轉角國際， 〈https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8662/2686144〉（2017年9月6日）。
    宮國威，「美國政府提供瓜地馬拉、薩爾瓦多及宏都拉斯7.5億美元援助以抑制非法移民」，淡江大學國際事務學院國際評論，〈http://www.ti.tku.edu.tw/page1/recruit. php?Sn=104〉（2017年2月14日）。
    「骨肉分離集中營：美國零容忍政策的『虐童傷痕』」，轉角國際，〈https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8664/3229889〉（2018年7月23日）。
    張雅涵，「為什麼尼加拉瓜的窮人不偷渡去美國？」，苦勞網，〈http://www.coolloud.org.tw/no de/80559〉（2014年10月28日）。
    楊昭彥，「川普威脅中斷援助薩宏瓜國 意義為何？」，中央廣播電台，〈https://www.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/428706〉（2018年10月18日）。
    「認識美國國土安全部成立與運作」，台灣法律網， 〈http://old.lawtw.com/article.php?template=article_content&area=free_browse&parent_path=,1,188,&job_id=41985&article_category_id=1200&article_id=17415〉（2003年6月3日）。
    貳、西文部分
    專書專章
    Bibler Coutin, Susan, Nations of Emigrants: Shifting Boundaries of Citizenship in El Salvador and the United States (New York: Cornell University Press, 2007).
    Castells, Manuel, Rupture (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2019).
    E. Keck, Margaret, and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (New York: Cornell University Press, 1998).
    Obama, Michelle, Becoming (New York: Crown Publishing Group, 2018).
    Payan, Tony, The Three U.S.–Mexico Border Wars : Drugs, Immigration, and Homeland Security (Westport, CT and London: Praeger Security International, 2006).
    Trump, Donald, Great Again: How to Fix Our Crippled America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2016).
    Waltz, Kenneth N., Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis (New York: Columbia University Press, 2018).
    期刊論文
    A. Pastor, Robert, “U. S. Immigration Policy and Latin America: In Search of the ‘Special Relationship’”, Latin American Research Review, Vol. 19, No. 3 (1984): 35-56.
    Arce Jiménez, Carlos, “Migraciones, derechos humanos y vulnerabilidad”, Revista de Fomento Social, Vol. 73, No. 1 (2018): 115-140.
    Bloodgood, Elizabeth, and Emily Clough, “NGOs in International Affairs: An Agent-Based Model of the Boomerang Effect”, Research Gate (2002), pp.2-25.
    Hacker, Karen, Jocelyn Chu, Carolyn Leung, Robert Marra, Alex Pirie, Mohammed Brahimi, Margaret English, Joshua Beckmann, Dolores Acevedo-Garcia, and Robert P. Marlin, “The Impact of Immigration and Customs Enforcement on Immigrant Health: Perceptions of Immigrants in Everett, Massachusetts, USA – Science Direct.”, Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 73, No.4 (2011): 586-594.
    Hernández, Hugo, Lelio Mármora, Esther Gómez, and Susy D. Bermúdez, “Política de Migraciones Laborales en Colombia”, Senalde (1976), pp. 1-39.
    Kerwin, Donald, “From IIRIRA to Trump: Connecting the Dots to the Current US Immigration Policy Crisis”, Journal on Migration and Human Security, Vol. 6, No. 3 (2018): 192-204.
    “National Security Strategy of the United States”, The White House (2017), pp.1-68.
    Perla Jr, Héctor, “Grassroots Mobilization against US military Intervention in El Salvador”, Socialism and Democracy, Vol. 22, No. 3 (2008): 143-159.
    Pierce, Sarah, Jessica Bolter, and Andrew Selee, “U.S. Immigration Policy under Trump: Deep Changes and Lasting Impacts”, Migration Policy Institute (2017), pp. 1-29.
    R. Rosenblum, Marc, and Kate Brick, “US Immigration Policy and Mexican/ Central American Migration Flows: Then and Now”, Migration Policy Institute (2011), pp. 1-32.
    Rodríguez, Nestor, and Jacqueline Maria Hagan, “Fractured Families and Communities: Effects of Immigration Reform in Texas, Mexico, and El Salvador”, Latino Studies (2004), pp. 328-351.
    Schriro, Dora, “Weeping in the Playtime of Others: The Obama Administration’s Failed Reform of ICE Family Detention Practices”, Journal on Migration and Human Security, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2017): 452-480.
    Torrado, Susana, “International Migration Policies in Latin America.” The International Migration Review, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1979): 428-439.
    網際網路
    “1. Views of the Major Problems Facing the Country”, Pew Research Center, <https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2019/12/17/views-of-the-major-problems-facing-the-country/> (December 17, 2019).
    “About Senator Cruz”, U.S Senator for Texas, <https://www.cruz.senate.gov/?p=about_senator>.
    Almond, Kyle, “This Is What the US-Mexico Border Looks Like”, CNN, <https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2018/12/politics/border-wall-cnnphotos/>.
    “An examination of the 2016 electorate, based on validated voters”, Pew Research Center, < https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2018/08/09/an-examination-of-the-2016-electorate-based-on-validated-voters/> (August 9, 2018).
    “Biography”, Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, < https://ocasio-cortez.house.gov/about/biography>.
    “Central America: El Salvador”, Central Intelligence Agency: The World Fact Book, < https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/es.html>.
    “1995 State of the Union Address”, C-Span, <https://www.c-span.org/video/?62882-1/president-bill-clintons-1995-state-union-address>.
    “El Salvador”, Mercanta - The Coffee Hunters, <https://www.coffeehunter.com/coffee-country/el-salvador/#:~:text=Introduced%20in%20the%20late%201880’s,of%20all%20El%20Salvador’s%20exports.&text=Today%2C%20some%2095%25%20of%20the,own%20more%20than%20245%20hectares>.
    Escalante Díaz, Andrea María, Erika Maricela Flores Francia, Moisés Flores Hernández, María Fernanda Goitia Álvarez, “Impactos de las Politicas Migratorias Estadounidenses sobre las Condiciones Socioeconomicas de los Hogares en El Salvador para el periodo 2005-2017”, Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas, <https://www.uca.edu.sv/economia/wp-content/uploads/07-Impactos-de-las-pol%C3%ADticas-migratorias-estadounidenses-sobre-las-condiciones-socioecon%C3%B3micas.pdf>.
    “Federal Judges Nominated by George W. Bush”, Ballotpedia, <https://ballotpedia.org/Federal_judges_nominated_by_George_W._Bush>.
    Daniller, Andrew, “Americans’ immigration policy priorities: Divisions between-and within-the two parties”, Pew Research Center, <https://www.facebook.com/pewresearch, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/11/12/americans-immigration-policy-priorities-divisions-between-and-within-the-two-parties/> (November 12, 2019).
    Dawsey, Josh, “Trump Derides Protections for Immigrants from ‘Shithole’ Countries”, The Washington Post, <https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-attacks-protections-for-immigrants-from-shithole-countries-in-oval-office-meeting/2018/01/11/bfc0725c-f711-11e7-91af-31ac729add94_story.html> (January 11, 2018).
    “Drug Trafficking: Central America’s Dark Shadow”, SICA, <https://www.sica.int/consulta/Noticia.aspx?Idn=62306&idm=2>(August 19, 2011).
    “George Bush Sr book reveals a more dangerous Dick Cheney than anyone knew”, The Guardian, <https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/nov/05/george-bush-sr-book-reveals-a-more-dangerous-dick-cheney-than-anyone-knews> .
    Gammage, Sarah, “El Salvador: Despite End to Civil War, Emigration Continues”, Migration Policy Institute, <https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/el-salvador-despite-end-civil-war-emigration-continues> (July 26, 2007).
    Iati, Marisa, “Federal agents seized 6-year-old Elian Gonzalez at gunpoint. A custody battle raged for months.”, Washington Post, <https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/11/25/federal-agents-seized-year-old-elin-gonzlez-gunpoint-custody-battle-raged-months/> (November 26, 2021).
    Ibe, Penial, and Kathryn Johnson, “Trump Has Ended Temporary Protected Status for Hundreds of Thousands of Immigrants. Here’s What You Need to Know”, American Friends Service Committee, <https://www.afsc.org/blogs/news-and-commentary/trump-has-ended-temporary-protected-status-hundreds-thousands-immigrants> (June 30, 2020).
    “Immigration Reform”, Bob Menendez, < https://www.menendez.senate.gov/priorities/immigration-reform>.
    Kalb, Marvin, “Trump’s Troubling Relationship with the Press”, Brookings, <https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2017/02/21/trumps-troubling-relationship-with-the-press/> (February 21, 2017).
    Menjívar, Cecilia and Andrea Gómez Cervantes, “El Salvador: Civil War, Natural Disasters, and Gang Violence Drive Migration”, Migration Policy Institute, <https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/el-salvador-civil-war-natural-disasters-and-gang-violence-drive-migration> (August 27, 2018).
    OAS, “Who we are”, OAS, < http://www.oas.org/en/about/who_we_are.asp>(2021).
    OAS, “Follow-up and Implementation: Migration Mandates”, OAS, < http://www.summit-americas.org/sisca/mig.html>.
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    Phelps, Jordyn, “President Obama Explains Why He Attended MLB Exhibition Game in Cuba Despite Brussels Attacks”, abc News, <https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/president-obama-attend-mlb-exhibition-game-cuba/story?id=37842394> (March 23, 2016).
    Poushter, Jacob, “How the world sees the U.S. and Trump in 10 charts”, Pew Research Center, < https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/08/how-people-around-the-world-see-the-u-s-and-donald-trump-in-10-charts/> (January 8, 2020).
    Secretaría General del Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana, “El SICA y la Migración, ¿Qué se está haciendo?”, Sistema de Integración Centroamericana (SICA), <https://www.sica.int/noticias/el-sica-y-la-migracion-que-se-esta-haciendo_1_119094.html>(July 21, 2019).
    Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana, “Integration at Glance”, Sistema de Integración Centroamericana (SICA), <https://www.sica.int/sica/vista_en.aspx?IdEnt=401&Idm=2&IdmStyle=2>(2013).
    Torres, Rebecca, Amy Thompson, and Sarah Blue, “A Year After Obama Declared a ‘Humanitarian Situation’ at the Border, Child Migration Continues”, Research Gate, <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284163731_A_Year_After_Obama_Declared_a_Humanitarian_Situation_at_the_Border_Child_Migration_Continues> (August, 2015).
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    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    外交學系
    108253015
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108253015
    Data Type: thesis
    DOI: 10.6814/NCCU202100796
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Diplomacy] Theses

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