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    Title: 臺灣高齡人口移動與健康探討
    Exploring the Health of Elderly Migrants in Taiwan
    Authors: 唐若筑
    Tang, Jo-Chu
    Contributors: 楊曉文
    余清祥

    Yang, Sheau-Wen
    Yue, Ching-Syang

    唐若筑
    Tang, Jo-Chu
    Keywords: 高齡人口
    人口移動
    全民健康保險
    醫療利用
    死亡率
    Population aging
    Internal migration
    National Health Insurance
    Medical Utilization
    Mortality Rates
    Date: 2021
    Issue Date: 2021-08-04 14:41:07 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 因為壽命延長、生育意願降低,近年亞洲各國人口老化速度加快,以臺灣為例, 2020年年底65歲以上(簡稱高齡人口)佔整體人口超過16%,預計於2025年超過20%,進入超高齡社會(來源:國家發展委員會)。高齡人口的醫療需求較多,人口老化也意謂健保費用的上升,2018年高齡人口醫療費用佔整體健保38.2%,每位老年人醫療花費約為全國平均五倍以上(來源:中央健康保險署)。由於高齡人口的活動能力不如年輕人,各地區醫療利用的差異也顯示健保的潛在問題,例如:就醫便利性、資源分配、陪伴照護等,根據衛福部2017年的台灣健康不平等報告書,也發現經濟(及都市)發展與死亡率高低、不同死因等存在關聯性。不患寡而患不均,正是我國健保亟需解決的問題之一。
    本文以高齡人口遷移、健康與地區的關聯為研究目標,希冀研究結果可供政府及國人參考,為消弭地區不平等而努力。本文依據全民健保資料庫2005年百萬高齡人口抽樣檔及2005年百萬人抽樣檔,藉以定義人口遷移以及測量死亡率、醫療利用。其中百萬高齡抽樣檔為隨機抽取2005年年底仍存活的百萬高齡人口,紀錄2002至2013年的就醫行為,因為高齡人口抽樣比例達45.7%,高涵蓋率有助掌握老年人醫療利用。本文依據資料庫的門診處方及治療明細檔(CD),將每次門診點數小於555點就醫地視為經常活動地,除了探討高齡人口的遷移行為,並比較不同遷移類型的死亡與就醫特性。分析發現高齡人口移動比例逐年下降,如果將移動分成縣市間、縣市內(不同鄉鎮市區)及未移動,則縣市間移動者的死亡率最高、未移動者最低;醫療利用則以縣市間移動者的門診點數最高,未移動者最低,而從非六都移出的高齡女性的健康明顯不如從六都移出者。此外,當高齡男性遷移時間和死亡相距越近,其門診次數較少、但每次門診就醫點數較高。
    Prolonging life expectancy and low fertility rates accelerate population ageing in Asian countries. For example, the elderly (ages 65 and beyond) accounted for 7% Taiwan’s population in 1993 and are expected to reach 20% in 2025, according to National Development Council. Older people usually require more medical attention and they used 38.2% of total National Health Insurance (NHI) budget in 2018, although the elderly population was only 14.1%. Despite the fact that the NHI guarantees access to medical care, medical resources vary for different places. This creates incentive for internal migration. The goal of this study is to explore the health of elderly migrants and, in particular, we want to know if there is health inequality behind internal migration.
    In this study, we used the data from NHI Research Database to define the internal migration and to measure the health of elderly migrants. We divide the elderly into three types: non-migrants, within-county migrants and between-county migrants. We found that the elderly’s migration activity gradually decreased, similar to the official records from Ministry of the Interior. As for migrants’ health, between-county migrants have the highest mortality rates, while non-migrants have the lowest morality rates. The expenses of outpatient visits were higher than those of other migration types. Also, we found that elderly men had fewer outpatient visits but higher outpatient expenses, as the migration approaching the time of death.
    Reference: 一、 中文文獻
    1. 李大正、楊靜利、王德睦(2011)。「人口老化與全民健保支出: 死亡距離取向的分析」。《人口學刊》,43,1-35。
    2. 李虹映、黃信忠、許怡欣、林文德(2014)。「台灣急重症跨區就醫之變化情形:2001-2010年」。《臺灣公共衛生雜誌》,33(1),67-74。
    3. 余清祥、王信忠、許筱翎(2019)。「從全民健保研究資料庫評估高齡人口的醫療利用」。《人口學刊》,58,89-120。
    4. 余清祥、簡于閔、梁穎誼(2019)。「健保資料與抽樣調查」。《調查研究-方法與應用》,44,97-130。
    5. 林維娟、張鴻仁、王本仁、周穎政、李丞華(2004)。「影響住院病患跨區利用之因素」。《臺灣公共衛生雜誌》,23(6),453-461。
    6. 林佩柔(2019)。「由全民健保資料庫探討就醫習性與人口移動的關聯」,國立政治大學統計學系碩士論文。
    7. 吳依凡(2004)。「醫療資源可近性對人醫療利用的影響-台灣地區的實證研究」,國立中央大學產業經濟學系碩士論文。
    8. 洪維河、鄭守夏、張睿詒、江東亮(1998)。「台灣醫療區跨區就醫比例之變遷」。《中華公共衛生雜誌》,17(5),388-394。
    9. 洪嘉瑜、陶宏麟、蔡智發(2003)。「影響台灣內部遷徙的經濟因素探討」。《經濟論文叢刊》,31(2),253-277。
    10. 凃明蕙(2020)。「臺灣居民健康與壽命之空間分析,國立政治大學商學院統計學系碩士論文。
    11. 張鴻仁、黃信忠、蔣翠蘋(2002)。「全民健保醫療利用集中狀況及高、低使用者特性之探討」。《臺灣公共衛生雜誌》,21(3),207-213。
    12. 孫樹根、劉俊賢(2006)。「從台灣城鄉嬰幼兒死亡率差異探討社會不公平問題」。《農業推廣學報》,21,33-58。
    13. 陳珮青、楊銘欽、江東亮、鄭守夏(2003)。「病人跨區住院與醫療區資源分佈之探討」。《臺灣公共衛生雜誌》,22(1),27-32。
    14. 陳惠真、王香蘋(2005)。「台灣老人健康狀況初探:1989年至1999年」。《台灣家庭醫學雜誌》,15(1),25-35。
    15. 陳美霞(2005)。「南台灣的公共衛生問題:與北台灣的比較分析」。《臺灣公共衛生雜誌》,24(6),504-518。
    16. 薛立敏、曾喜鵬、謝鈺偉(2007)。「台灣地區近年來遷移行為變化之影響因素分析-家戶遷移決策與遷移地點選擇之聯合估計」。《人口學刊》,34,69-107。

    二、 英文文獻
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    2. Black D.A., Sanders S.D., Taylor E.J., and Taylor L.J. (2015). “The Impact of the Great Migration on Mortality of African Americans: Evidence from the Deep South”, American Economic Review, 105 (2), 477-503.
    3. Davies, P. S., M. J. Greenwood, and H. Li (2001). “A Conditional Logit Approach to U.S. State-to-State Migration”, Journal of Regional Science, 41(2), 337360.
    4. Di Napoli, A., Rossi, A., Alicandro, G., Ventura, M., Frova, L., and Petrelli, A. (2021). “Salmon Bias Effect as Hypothesis of the Lower Mortality Rates among Immigrants in Italy”, Scientific reports, 11(1), 8033.
    5. Doamekpor, L.A. and Dinwiddie, G.Y. (2015). “Allostatic Load in Foreign-born and US-born Blacks: Evidence from the 2001-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey”, American journal of public health, 105(3), 591597.
    6. Garcia, P.G. and Munck, R. (2020). “Swimming Against the Current: The Migration of Elders to the South”, Migration Letters, 17(2), 110.
    7. Johnson J.E. and Taylor E.J. (2012). “Does Moving Kill? The Effect of Migration on Older-age Mortality”. Retrieved from http://harris.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/johnson_taylor_oct15.pdf .
    8. Kennedy, S., Kidd, M.P., McDonald, J.T. et al. (2015). “The Healthy Immigrant Effect: Patterns and Evidence from Four Countries”, Migration & Integration, 16, 317–332.
    9. Kibele, E., Scholz, R. and Shkolnikov, V.M (2008). “Low Migrant Mortality in Germany for Men Aged 65 and Older: Fact or Artifact”, European Journal of Epidemiology, 23, 389–393.
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    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    統計學系
    108354006
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108354006
    Data Type: thesis
    DOI: 10.6814/NCCU202101084
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Statistics] Theses

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