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    題名: 共和國的長子們:初探中國央企領導人的管理體制
    The ";eldest sons";of the republic: the management system of China’s central state-owned enterprise leaders
    作者: 劉明浩
    Liu, Ming-Hao
    貢獻者: 童涵浦
    Tung, Han-Pu
    劉明浩
    Liu, Ming-Hao
    關鍵詞: 央企
    雙軌管理制度
    黨管幹部
    幹部級別
    central state-owened enterprise
    dual-track management system
    the principle for CCP in charge of cadres
    rank of cadre
    日期: 2020
    上傳時間: 2020-11-03 11:30:21 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 在中國大陸政治經濟體制中,央企涵蓋大陸所有的公共事業與壟斷性行業,中國政府透過企業領導階層的垂直式人事任命機制控制央企,使央企成為施行宏觀調控的重要途徑。央企的人事任命機制與黨國體制密不可分,央企領導人既是企業經理人也是國家幹部,受「黨管幹部」原則約束。然而央企的獨特地位產生雙重目標的矛盾:維持政府控制與增加企業獲利。中國政府如何處理這個問題?本研究提出「雙軌管理制度」理論架構:政府以企業承擔政策任務程度區分政治軌與市場軌,兩者分別對應不同的控制程度、企業目標、領導人徵選條件,以及最重要的激勵機制。透過「雙軌管理制度」,中國政府得以在兩個矛盾的目標之間取得均衡。本研究以1998至2018年,國企改革後央企領導人的組成特徵與仕途升遷的資料進行實證分析,並依此發展「雙軌管理制度」的模型。分析證明央企依照級別分軌,副部級企業領導人有較高的晉升機率;除此之外,非正式關係也是影響幹部升遷的另一個因素。「雙軌管理制度」運行相當穩定,甚至不受成立監管機構以及習近平時期集權改革的影響。整體而言,共和國的長子們間亦有高下之別,副部級央企是共和國的嫡長子,負擔更多的政治責任,也擁有更多的權力,政府透過責任與權力的交換驅策副部級央企。
    This thesis addresses how Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has evolved a “dual-track management system” of the central state-owned enterprises (CSOEs) to maintain the equilibrium of two paradoxical goals: keeping government control and increasing corporate profits. In Chinese political-economic regime, CSOEs have occupied almost every public utilitiy and monopolistic industry. CCP controls CSOEs through vertical personnel appointment of the enterprise leadership, taking CSOEs as a medium for market intervention. The CSOEs’ leaders are corporate managers also party cadres, being applied the principle for CCP in charge of cadres. This unique status of the leadership strengthens the government’s control over CSOEs, but is not conductive to corporate profits. Therefore, CCP divided CSOEs’ leaders into two parallel tracks: political track and market track. The two tracks correspond to different conditions, such as government control, corporate goals, leadership selection, and the most importantly: incentive mechanism. The incentive mechanism is the core of the dual-track management system. If the corporate leaders were selected to the political track, they would accomplish government’s goals actively to pursue their promotion. Comparatively, the leaders who were in the market track would be more concerned about corporate profits and their salaries. This thesis has an empirical analysis on the characteristics and promotion data of CSOEs’ leaders after the reform of state-owned enterprises from 1998 to 2018. The analysis proves that the rank of cadre is the basis for track division. And the leaders of CSOEs are promoted according to their ranks. In addition, informal relations are the secondary factor of cadre promotion. Generaly, the "dual-track management system" operates stable, not be affected by the establishment of regulatory agencies (SASAC) and the re-centralized reforms during the Xi era.
    參考文獻: 中文

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    黨政領導幹部選拔任用條例。新華網,檢自:http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-03/17/c_1124245012.htm。
    黨政領導幹部職務任期暫行規定。中國共產黨新聞,檢自:http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/71380/102565/182144/10994167.html。
    全面建設小康社會,開創中國特色社會主義事業新局面:在中國共產黨第十六次全國代表大會上的報告。中國共產黨歷次黨代表大會數據庫,檢自:http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64168/64569/65444/4429120.html。


    英文

    一、 專書
    Barghoorn, F. C., & Remington, T. F. (1986). Politics in the USSR. Boston: Little, Brown.
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    Djilas, M. (1957). The new Class: An Analysis of the Communist Systems. New York: Praeger.
    Garnaut, R., Song, L., & Fang, C. (Eds.). (2018). China’s 40 Years Reform and Development 1978-2018. Canberra: ANU Press.
    Huang, Y. (1999). State-owned Enterprise Reform. In R. Garnaut, & Song, L. (Eds.). China: Twenty Years of Economic Reform (pp. 95-116). Canberra: Asia Pacific Press.
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    Lee, H. Y. (1991). From Revolutionary Cadres to Party Technocrats in Socialist China. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
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    Naughton, B. (2007). The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth. Cambridge: MIT Press.
    Naughton, B. (2018). State enterprise reform today. In R. Garnaut, Ligang Song, and Cai Fang (Eds.), China’s 40 Years Reform and Development 1978-2018(pp. 375-392). Canberra: ANU Press.
    Schurmann, F. (1968). Organization and Ideology in Communist China. Berkeley: University of California.
    Shambaugh, D. (2008). China’s Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaption. DC: Woodrow Wilson.
    Shih, V. C. (2008). Factions and Finance in China: Elite Conflict and Inflation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (2002). The Grabbing Hand: Government Pathologies and Their Cures. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
    Song, L. (2015). State and Nonstate in China’s Economic Transition. In G. C. Chow, & D. Perkins (Eds.). Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Economy (pp. 182-207). New York: Routledge.
    Walder, A. G. (1990). The Political Dimension of Social Mobility in Communist State: Reflections on the Soviet Union and China. In R. G. Braungart & M. G. Braungart (Eds.), The Political Sociology of the State (pp. 309-328). Greenwich: JAL Press.
    World Bank and Development Research Center of the State Council. (2013). China, 2030: Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative Society. Washington DC: The World bank.
    Zang, X. (2004). Elite Dualism and Leadership Selection in China. London: Routledge Curzon.

    二、期刊論文
    Bai, C. E., Lu, J., & Tao, Z. (2006). The Multitask Theory of State Enterprise Reform: Empirical Evidence from China. The American Economic Review, 96(2), 353-354.
    Burns, J. P. (1994). Strengthening Central CCP Control of Leadership Selection: The 1990 Nomenklatura. China Quarterly, 138, 458-491.
    Chen, S., Sun, Z., Tang, S., & Wu, D. (2011). Government Intervention and Investment Efficiency: Evidence from China. Journal of Corporate Finance, 17(2), 259-271.
    Downs E., & Meidan, M. (2012). Business and Politics in China: The Oil Executive Reshuffle of 2011. China Security, 19, 3-21.
    Eaton, S. (2013). Political Economy of the Advancing State: The Case of China’s Airline Reform. The China Journal, 69, 64-86.
    Frye, T., & Shleifer, A. (1997). The Invisible Hand and the Grapping Hand. American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 87(2), 354-358.
    Garnaut, R., Song, L., & Yao, Y. (2006). Impact and Significance of State-Owned Enterprise Restructuring in China. The China Journal, 55, 35-63.
    Harasymiw, B. (1969). Nomenklatura: The Soviet Communist Party’s Leadership Recruitment System. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 2(4). 493-512.
    Holmstrom, B., & Milgrom, P. (1991). Multitask principal–agent analyses: Incentive contracts, asset ownership, and job design. Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 7(Special Issue), 24-52.
    Jefferson, G. H., & Rawski, T. G. (1994). How industrial reform worked in China: The role of innovation, competition and property rights. The World Bank Economic Review, 8(1), 13-133.
    Jefferson, G. H., & Su, J. (2006). Privatization and restructuring in China: Evidence from shareholding ownership, 1995–2001. Journal of Comparative Economics, 34(1), 146-166.
    Koppell, J. G. S. (2007). Political Control for China’s State-owned Enterprises: Lessons from America’s Experience with Hybrid Organizations. Governance, 20(2), 255-278.
    Lampton, D. (1987). Chinese Politics: The Bargaining treadmill. Issues & Studies, 23(3), 11~41.
    Lee, C. (2013). Party Selection of Officials in Contemporary China. Studies in Comparative International Development, 48(4), 356-379.
    Leuter, W. (2018). The Political Mobility of China`s Central State-Owned Enterprise Leaders. The China Quarterly, 233, 1-21.
    Li, B., & Walder, A. (2001). Career Advancement as Party Patronage: Sponsored Mobility into the Chinese Administrative Elite, 1949-1996. American Journal of Sociology, 106(5), 1371-1408.
    Li, C. The “Shanghai Gang”: Force for Stability or Cause for Conflict. China Leadership Monitor, https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/clm2_CL.pdf.
    Li, C., & White, L. (1988). The Thirteenth central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: From Mobilizers to Managers. Asian Survey, 28(4), 371-399.
    Li, C., & White, L. (1990). Elite Transformation and Modern Change in Mainland China and Taiwan. China Quarterly, 121, 1-35.
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    Li, S. X., Yao, X., Chan, C. S., & Xi, Y. (2011). Where Do Social Ties Come From: Institutional Framework and Governmental Tie Distribution among Chinese Managers. Management and Organization Review, 7(1), 97-124.
    Lin, L. W. (2017). Reforming China’s State-owned Enterprises: From Structure to People. The China Quarterly, 229, 107-129.
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    Liou, C. S. (2013). Rent-seeking at Home, Capturing Market Share abroad: The Domestic Determinants of the Transnationalization of China State Construction Engineering Corporation. World Development, 54, 220-231.
    Mattlin, M. (2009). Chinese Strategic State-Owned Enterprises and Ownership Control. BICCS Asia Paper, 4(6), 1-28.
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    Qian, Y. (1996). Enterprise Reform in China: Agency Problems and Political Control. Economics of Transition, 4(2), 427-447.
    Tsai, C. M. (2011). The Reform Paradox and Regulatory Dilemma in China’s Electricity Industry. Asian Survey, 53(3), 520-539.
    Turner, R. H. (1960). Sponsored and Contest Mobility and the School System. American Sociological Review, 25(6), 855~867.
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    Wang, J., Guthrie, D., & Xiao, Z. (2012). The Rise of SASAC: Asset Management, Ownership Concentration, and Firm Performance in China’s Capital Markets. Management and Organization Review, 8(2), 253-281.
    Yeo, Y. (2009). Between Owner and Regulator: Governing the Business of China’s Telecommunications Service Industry. The China Quarterly, 200, 1013-1032.
    Zang, X. (2006). Technical Training, Sponsored Mobility, and Functional Differentiation: Elite Formation in China in the Reform Era. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 39(1), 39-57.
    Zhang, D., & Freestone, O. (2013). China’s Unfinished State-Owned Enterprise Reforms. Economic Roundup, 2, 91-93.

    三、研討會論文
    Mattlin, M. (2007, July). The Chinese Government’s new approach to ownership and financial control of strategic state-owned enterprises. In BOFIT Discussion Paper, Helsinki, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1001617.
    Qian, Y., & Wu, J. (2000, August). China’s Transition to a market Economy: How far Across the River?. In the Conference on Policy Reform In China, Stanford, https://kingcenter.stanford.edu/publications/chinas-transition-market-economy-how-far-across-river.

    四、報刊
    Pickert, K. (2008, July). A Brief History of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. TIME, http://content.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1822766,00.html.
    描述: 博士
    國立政治大學
    東亞研究所
    100260503
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100260503
    資料類型: thesis
    DOI: 10.6814/NCCU202001762
    顯示於類別:[東亞研究所] 學位論文

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