政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/131910
English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  Items with full text/Total items : 113325/144300 (79%)
Visitors : 51156478      Online Users : 939
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
Scope Tips:
  • please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results
  • please goto advance search for comprehansive author search
    •  Adv. Search
    Home ‧ Login ‧ Upload ‧ Help ‧ About ‧ Administer Goto mobile version


    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/131910


    Title: 專業服務組織的經驗學習與知識轉用：以專利事務所為例
    Experiential Learning and Knowledge Transfer in Professional Service Firm: Empirical Evidence from Patent Law Firms
    Authors: 林鵬飛
    Lin, Peng-Fei
    Contributors: 宋皇志
    沈榮欽
    Sung, Huang-Chih
    Shen, Jung-Chin
    林鵬飛
    Lin, Peng-Fei
    Keywords: 專業服務組織
    組織學習
    類比推理
    專業能力
    集體基模
    Professional Service Firm
    Organizational Learning
    Analogical Reasoning
    Expertise
    Collective Schema
    Date: 2020
    Issue Date: 2020-09-02 13:10:05 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 專業服務雖然在不同學門中已存在廣泛的研究，然而在組織學習領域，專業服務組織如何學習卻仍缺乏理論與實證的研究。過去關於組織學習的研究大多著重在製造業或是量產形式的服務業，惟專業服務的工作本質上具有客製化與高知識密集度的特徵，以相同之產品或服務作為經驗之單位的傳統組織學習理論並無法直接適用。
    因此，本研究以集體基模的概念為核心，結合類比推理與專業能力的相關研究，提出專業服務組織之經驗學習與知識轉用的理論架構。基於這個架構，本研究以台灣專利事務所之專利申請服務作為實證設定，藉由線性混合模型分析台灣專利資料，從而驗證專業服務組織的經驗對於服務產出品質的影響。研究結果發現，關於經驗廣度的效應，專業服務的客製化經驗對於客製化服務產出品質有正向的影響，而經驗中的變異程度對於服務產出品質也有正向的影響。其次，關於經驗深度與基模穩定性的效應，低度客製化服務經驗對於客製化服務產出品質有負向的影響，但對於客製化服務經驗與服務產出品質的關係有正向調節效果；不完整間接經驗則對於客製化服務經驗與服務產出品質的關係有負向調節效果。
    本研究的主要理論貢獻在於提出集體基模作為專業服務組織之學習機制的核心概念，從而建構專業服務組織的學習理論基礎，並提出基於專利資料研究專業服務組織的量化分析方法。本研究的主要實務貢獻則在於從認知心理學的觀點解釋專業服務組織的學習機制，意味著將認知心理學的研究發現運用到專業服務組織的人力資源發展與作業管理，將有助於個人及組織層次的學習。
    Although professional services have been extensively studied in different disciplines, there is still a lack of theoretical and empirical research on how professional service firms (PSFs) learn. Existing organizational learning theories mostly focus on manufacturing or mass-production service industries, and thus may be incompatible with PSFs, which are characterized by customized services and high knowledge intensity.
    Accordingly, by combining related work on analogical reasoning and expertise and centering the concept of collective schema, this study proposed a theoretical framework of experiential learning and knowledge transfer in PSFs. This framework was applied in the empirical context of patent filing services to analyze patent data from Taiwan using linear mixed models to test the influences of PSF experiences on service output quality. The results showed that, in terms of the effect of experience breadth, PSF customized service experience had a positive impact on the quality of customized service output, and the variance across said experiences also had a positive impact on the quality of service output. Further, in terms of the effects of experience depth and schema stability, a less-customized service experience had a negative impact on the quality of customized service output and positively modulated the relationship between customized service experience and the quality of customized service output, while parital, indirect PSF experiences negatively modulated the relationship between customized service experience and the quality of customized service output.
    This study offers a major theoretical contribution by proposing collective schema as a core concept in PSF learning, while further offering a quantitative method for investigating PSFs based on patent data analysis. This study also makes a practical contribution for management by expounding on the learning mechanisms of PSFs from the perspective of cognitive psychology, suggesting that application of relevant cognitive psychology research findings to the practice of human resource development and operations management in PSFs would facilitate learning at both individual and organizational levels.
    Reference: Abbott, A. (1988). The system of professions: An essay on the division of expert labor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    Adelson, B. (1984). When novices surpass experts: The difficulty of a task may increase with expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10(3), 483-495.
    Alvesson, M. (2000). Social indentity and the problem of loyalty in knowledge‐intensive companies. Journal of Management Studies, 37(8), 1101-1124.
    Amdur, L. H. (1933). The Invention-Symbol. Journal of the Patent Office Society, 15(8), 597-618.
    Anand, N., Gardner, H. K., & Morris, T. (2007). Knowledge-based innovation: Emergence and embedding of new practice areas in management consulting firms. Academy of Management Journal, 50(2), 406-428.
    Anderson, J. R. (1982). Acquisition of cognitive skill. Psychological Review, 89(4), 369.
    Anderson, J. R., Farrell, R., & Sauers, R. (1984). Learning to program in LISP. Cognitive Science, 8(2), 87-129.
    Anderson, J. R., Kline, P. J., & Beasley Jr, C. M. (1978). A general learning theory and its application to schema abstraction. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 13). New York: Academic Press.
    Antonakis, J., Bastardoz, N., & Rönkkö, M. (2019). On ignoring the random effects assumption in multilevel models: Review, critique, and recommendations. Organizational Research Methods. doi:10.1177/1094428119877457
    Argote, L. (2013). Organizational learning: Creating, retaining and transferring knowledge. New York: Springer.
    Argote, L., & Fahrenkopf, E. (2016). Knowledge transfer in organizations: The roles of members, tasks, tools, and networks. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 136, 146-159.
    Argote, L., & Ingram, P. (2000). Knowledge transfer: A basis for competitive advantage in firms. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82(1), 150-169.
    Argote, L., & Miron-Spektor, E. (2011). Organizational learning: From experience to knowledge. Organization Science, 22(5), 1123-1137.
    Avgerinos, E., & Gokpinar, B. (2018). Task Variety in Professional Service Work: When It Helps and When It Hurts. Production and Operations Management, 27(7), 1368-1389.
    Ball, L. J., Ormerod, T. C., & Morley, N. J. (2004). Spontaneous analogising in engineering design: a comparative analysis of experts and novices. Design Studies, 25(5), 495-508.
    Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999). The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist, 54(7), 462.
    Barkema, H. G., & Schijven, M. (2008). How do firms learn to make acquisitions? A review of past research and an agenda for the future. Journal of management, 34(3), 594-634.
    Beneito, P. (2006). The innovative performance of in-house and contracted R&D in terms of patents and utility models. Research Policy, 35(4), 502-517.
    Berger, F., Blind, K., & Thumm, N. (2012). Filing behaviour regarding essential patents in industry standards. Research Policy, 41(1), 216-225.
    Bilalić, M., McLeod, P., & Gobet, F. (2008a). Inflexibility of experts—Reality or myth? Quantifying the Einstellung effect in chess masters. Cognitive Psychology, 56(2), 73-102.
    Bilalić, M., McLeod, P., & Gobet, F. (2008b). Why good thoughts block better ones: The mechanism of the pernicious Einstellung (set) effect. Cognition, 108(3), 652-661.
    Bingham, C. B., & Kahl, S. J. (2013). The process of schema emergence: Assimilation, deconstruction, unitization and the plurality of analogies. Academy of Management Journal, 56(1), 14-34.
    Bjork, E. L., & Bjork, R. A. (2011). Making things hard on yourself, but in a good way: Creating desirable difficulties to enhance learning. In M. A. Gernsbacher, R. W. Pew, L. M. Hough, & J. R. Pomerantz (Eds.), Psychology and the real world: Essays illustrating fundamental contributions to society: Worth Publishers.
    Blanchette, I., & Dunbar, K. (2002). Representational change and analogy: How analogical inferences alter target representations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(4), 672-685.
    Blind, K., Cremers, K., & Mueller, E. (2009). The influence of strategic patenting on companies’ patent portfolios. Research Policy, 38(2), 428-436.
    Boh, W. F., Slaughter, S. A., & Espinosa, J. A. (2007). Learning from experience in software development: A multilevel analysis. Management Science, 53(8), 1315-1331.
    Boland Jr, R. J., Singh, J., Salipante, P., Aram, J. D., Fay, S. Y., & Kanawattanachai, P. (2001). Knowledge representations and knowledge transfer. Academy of Management Journal, 44(2), 393-417.
    Boone, T., Ganeshan, R., & Hicks, R. L. (2008). Learning and knowledge depreciation in professional services. Management Science, 54(7), 1231-1236.
    Bransford, J. D., & Franks, J. J. (1976). Toward a Framework for Understanding Learning. The psychology of learning and motivation, 10, 93-127.
    Bresman, H. (2010). External learning activities and team performance: A multimethod field study. Organization Science, 21(1), 81-96.
    Brown, A. L., Kane, M. J., & Echols, C. H. (1986). Young children`s mental models determine analogical transfer across problems with a common goal structure. Cognitive Development, 1(2), 103-121.
    Bryan, K. A., Ozcan, Y., & Sampat, B. (2020). In-text patent citations: A user`s guide. Research Policy, 49(4), 103946. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.103946
    Burk, D. L. (2008). The role of patent law in knowledge codification. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 23(3), 1009-1034.
    Burk, D. L., & Reyman, J. (2014). Patents as genre: A prospectus. Law & Literature, 26(2), 163-190.
    Cañas, J., Quesada, J., Antolí, A., & Fajardo, I. (2003). Cognitive flexibility and adaptability to environmental changes in dynamic complex problem-solving tasks. Ergonomics, 46(5), 482-501.
    Camerer, C., Loewenstein, G., & Weber, M. (1989). The curse of knowledge in economic settings: An experimental analysis. Journal of political Economy, 97(5), 1232-1254.
    Catrambone, R. (2002). The effects of surface and structural feature matches on the access of story analogs. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(2), 318.
    Catrambone, R., & Holyoak, K. J. (1989). Overcoming contextual limitations on problem-solving transfer. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15(6), 1147-1156.
    Chari, M., Steensma, H. K., & Connaughton, C. (2020). Previous and prospective career mobility, client capture, and compromised professional judgment: The withholding of known relevant prior art by patent lawyers on behalf of their clients. Organization Science. doi:doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2019.1312
    Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, 4(1), 55-81.
    Chen, Z., Mo, L., & Honomichl, R. (2004). Having the memory of an elephant: long-term retrieval and the use of analogues in problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133(3), 415-433.
    Chi, M., & VanLehn, K. (2010). Meta-Cognitive Strategy Instruction in Intelligent Tutoring Systems: How, When, and Why. Educational Technology & Society, 13(1), 25-39.
    Chi, M. T. (2006). Two approaches to the study of experts’ characteristics. In K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. Feltovich, & R. R. Hoffman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (pp. 21-30). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Chi, M. T. (2009). Active‐constructive‐interactive: A conceptual framework for differentiating learning activities. Topics in Cognitive Science, 1(1), 73-105.
    Chi, M. T. (2013). Two kinds and four sub-types of misconceived knowledge, ways to change it, and the learning outcomes. In S. Vosniadou (Ed.), International handbook of research on conceptual change (pp. 61-82): Routledge.
    Chi, M. T., Bassok, M., Lewis, M. W., Reimann, P., & Glaser, R. (1989). Self-explanations: How students study and use examples in learning to solve problems. Cognitive Science, 13(2), 145-182.
    Chi, M. T., Feltovich, P. J., & Glaser, R. (1981). Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices. Cognitive Science, 5(2), 121-152.
    Chi, M. T., & VanLehn, K. A. (2012). Seeing deep structure from the interactions of surface features. Educational Psychologist, 47(3), 177-188.
    Christie, S., & Gentner, D. (2010). Where hypotheses come from: Learning new relations by structural alignment. Journal of Cognition and Development, 11(3), 356-373.
    Clark, K. B. (1985). The interaction of design hierarchies and market concepts in technological evolution. Research Policy, 14(5), 235-251.
    Cooper, R. P., & Shallice, T. (2006). Hierarchical schemas and goals in the control of sequential behavior. Psychological Review, 113(4), 887-916.
    Cornelissen, J. P., & Clarke, J. S. (2010). Imagining and rationalizing opportunities: Inductive reasoning and the creation and justification of new ventures. Academy of Management Review, 35(4), 539-557.
    Cummins, D. D. (1992). Role of analogical reasoning in the induction of problem categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18(5), 1103-1124.
    Czarnitzki, D., Hall, B. H., & Oriani, R. (2006). The market valuation of knowledge assets in US and European firms. In D. Bosworth & R. Webster (Eds.), The management of intellectual property (pp. 111-131). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
    Dahl, D. W., & Moreau, P. (2002). The influence and value of analogical thinking during new product ideation. Journal of Marketing Research, 39(1), 47-60.
    Dane, E. (2010). Reconsidering the trade-off between expertise and flexibility: A cognitive entrenchment perspective. Academy of Management Review, 35(4), 579-603.
    Dane, E., & Pratt, M. G. (2007). Exploring intuition and its role in managerial decision making. Academy of Management Review, 32(1), 33-54.
    Darr, E. D., Argote, L., & Epple, D. (1995). The acquisition, transfer, and depreciation of knowledge in service organizations: Productivity in franchises. Management Science, 41(11), 1750-1762.
    Day, S. B., & Goldstone, R. L. (2012). The import of knowledge export: Connecting findings and theories of transfer of learning. Educational Psychologist, 47(3), 153-176.
    Day, S. B., Goldstone, R. L., & Hills, T. (2010). The effects of similarity and individual differences on comparison and transfer. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Portland, OR.
    de Rassenfosse, G., Jensen, P. H., Julius, T. M. D., Palangkaraya, A., & Webster, E. (2018). Getting international patents: does the quality of patent attorney matter? Working paper. Centre for Transformative Innovation, Swinburne University of Technology.
    Didierjean, A., & Nogry, S. (2004). Reducing structural-element salience on a source problem produces later success in analogical transfer: What role does source difficulty play? Memory & Cognition, 32(7), 1053-1064.
    Dinovitzer, R., Gunz, H., & Gunz, S. (2014). Unpacking client capture: evidence from corporate law firms. Journal of Professions and Organization, 1(2), 99-117.
    Duncker, K., & Lees, L. S. (1945). On problem-solving. Psychological Monographs, 58(5, Whole No. 270).
    Dutton, J. M., & Thomas, A. (1984). Treating progress functions as a managerial opportunity. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 235-247.
    Egelman, C. D., Epple, D., Argote, L., & Fuchs, E. R. (2016). Learning by doing in multiproduct manufacturing: Variety, customizations, and overlapping product generations. Management Science, 63(2), 405-423.
    Ellis, K. M., Reus, T. H., Lamont, B. T., & Ranft, A. L. (2011). Transfer effects in large acquisitions: How size-specific experience matters. Academy of Management Journal, 54(6), 1261-1276.
    Enkel, E., & Gassmann, O. (2010). Creative imitation: exploring the case of cross‐industry innovation. R&D Management, 40(3), 256-270.
    Ericsson, K. A. (2006). The influence of experience and deliberate practice on the development of superior expert performance. In K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. Feltovich, & R. R. Hoffman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (pp. 685-705). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
    Ericsson, K. A., & Charness, N. (1994). Expert performance: Its structure and acquisition. American Psychologist, 49(8), 725-747.
    Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363.
    Faber, R. C., & Landis, J. L. (2003). Landis on mechanics of patent claim drafting. New York: Practising Law Institute.
    Faulconbridge, J. (2015). Knowledge and learning in professional service firms. In L. Empson, D. Muzio, J. Broschak, & B. Hinings (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of professional service firms (pp. 425-451). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
    Feltovich, P. J., Prietula, M. J., & Ericsson, K. A. (2006). Studies of expertise from psychological perspectives. In K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. Feltovich, & R. R. Hoffman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (pp. 41-67). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Finkelstein, S., & Haleblian, J. (2002). Understanding acquisition performance: The role of transfer effects. Organization Science, 13(1), 36-47.
    Gary, M. S., Wood, R. E., & Pillinger, T. (2012). Enhancing mental models, analogical transfer, and performance in strategic decision making. Strategic Management Journal, 33(11), 1229-1246.
    Gassmann, O., & Zeschky, M. (2008). Opening up the solution space: the role of analogical thinking for breakthrough product innovation. Creativity and Innovation Management, 17(2), 97-106.
    Gavetti, G. (2005). Cognition and hierarchy: Rethinking the microfoundations of capabilities’ development. Organization Science, 16(6), 599-617.
    Gavetti, G., & Rivkin, J. W. (2007). On the origin of strategy: Action and cognition over time. Organization Science, 18(3), 420-439.
    Gentner, D. (1983). Structure-mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy. Cognitive Science, 7(2), 155-170.
    Gentner, D., Holyoak, K. J., & Kokinov, B. N. (2001). The analogical mind: Perspectives from cognitive science: MIT press.
    Gentner, D., & Kurtz, K. J. (2005). Relational categories. In W. K. Ahn, R. L. Goldstone, B. C. Love, A. B. Markman, & P. W. Wolff (Eds.), Categorization inside and outside the lab. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
    Gentner, D., & Kurtz, K. J. (2006). Relations, objects, and the composition of analogies. Cognitive Science, 30(4), 609-642.
    Gentner, D., Loewenstein, J., & Thompson, L. (2003). Learning and transfer: A general role for analogical encoding. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(2), 393.
    Gentner, D., Loewenstein, J., Thompson, L., & Forbus, K. D. (2009). Reviving inert knowledge: Analogical abstraction supports relational retrieval of past events. Cognitive Science, 33(8), 1343-1382.
    Gentner, D., & Maravilla, F. (2017). Analogical reasoning. In International handbook of thinking and reasoning (pp. 186-203): Routledge.
    Gentner, D., & Markman, A. B. (1994). Structural alignment in comparison: No difference without similarity. Psychological Science, 5(3), 152-158.
    Gentner, D., & Markman, A. B. (1997). Structure mapping in analogy and similarity. American Psychologist, 52(1), 45-56.
    Gentner, D., Rattermann, M. J., & Forbus, K. D. (1993). The roles of similarity in transfer: Separating retrievability from inferential soundness. Cognitive Psychology, 25(4), 524-575.
    George, J. M., & Jones, G. R. (2001). Towards a process model of individual change in organizations. Human Relations, 54(4), 419-444.
    Gerken, J. M., Moehrle, M. G., & Walter, L. (2015). One year ahead! Investigating the time lag between patent publication and market launch: insights from a longitudinal study in the automotive industry. R&D Management, 45(3), 287-303.
    Ghosh, A., Martin, X., Pennings, J. M., & Wezel, F. C. (2014). Ambition is nothing without focus: Compensating for negative transfer of experience in R&D. Organization Science, 25(2), 572-590.
    Gick, M. L., & Holyoak, K. J. (1980). Analogical problem solving. Cognitive Psychology, 12(3), 306-355.
    Gick, M. L., & Holyoak, K. J. (1983). Schema induction and analogical transfer. Cognitive Psychology, 15(1), 1-38.
    Gick, M. L., & Holyoak, K. J. (1987). The Cognitive Basis of Knowledge Transfer. In S. M. Cormier & J. D. Hagman (Eds.), Transfer of Learning (pp. 9-46): Academic Press.
    Gobet, F., & Simon, H. A. (2000). Five seconds or sixty? Presentation time in expert memory. Cognitive Science, 24(4), 651-682.
    Goldstein, A. G., & Chance, J. E. (1980). Memory for faces and schema theory. The Journal of Psychology, 105(1), 47-59.
    Goldstone, R. L., & Sakamoto, Y. (2003). The transfer of abstract principles governing complex adaptive systems. Cognitive Psychology, 46(4), 414-466.
    Goldwater, M. B., & Gentner, D. (2015). On the acquisition of abstract knowledge: Structural alignment and explication in learning causal system categories. Cognition, 137, 137-153.
    Grégoire, D. A., Barr, P. S., & Shepherd, D. A. (2010). Cognitive processes of opportunity recognition: The role of structural alignment. Organization Science, 21(2), 413-431.
    Graham, S. J., & Sichelman, T. (2008). Why do start-ups patent. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 23, 1063-1097.
    Greenwood, R., Deephouse, D. L., & Li, S. X. (2007). Ownership and performance of professional service firms. Organization Studies, 28(2), 219-238.
    Greenwood, R., & Empson, L. (2003). The professional partnership: Relic or exemplary form of governance? Organization Studies, 24(6), 909-933.
    Greenwood, R., Li, S. X., Prakash, R., & Deephouse, D. L. (2005). Reputation, diversification, and organizational explanations of performance in professional service firms. Organization Science, 16(6), 661-673.
    Greenwood, R., Suddaby, R., & McDougald, M. (2006). Professional service firms. Research in the Sociology of Organizations, 24(6), 283-306.
    Grodal, S., & Thoma, G. (2011). Institutional Logics and Status: Strategic Patenting in the Legal Service Sector. Paper presented at the DRUID Conference, , Copenhagen Business School, Denmark.
    Gunz, H. P., & Gunz, S. P. (2008). Client capture and the professional service firm. American Business Law Journal, 45(4), 685-721.
    Gustafsson, S., Swart, J., & Kinnie, N. (2018). ‘They are your testimony’: Professionals, clients and the creation of client capture during professional career progression. Organization Studies, 39(1), 73-92.
    Haas, M. R., & Hansen, M. T. (2005). When using knowledge can hurt performance: The value of organizational capabilities in a management consulting company. Strategic Management Journal, 26(1), 1-24.
    Haleblian, J., & Finkelstein, S. (1999). The influence of organizational acquisition experience on acquisition performance: A behavioral learning perspective. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(1), 29-56.
    Hall, B. H. (2005). A note on the bias in Herfindahl-type measures based on count data. Working paper. Retrieved from https://eml.berkeley.edu/~bhhall/papers/BHH05_hhibias.pdf
    Halpern, D. F., Hansen, C., & Riefer, D. (1990). Analogies as an aid to understanding and memory. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(2), 298-305.
    Hansen, M. T., Nohria, N., & Tierney, T. (1999). What’s your strategy for managing knowledge. Harvard Business Review, 77(2), 106-116.
    Harris, S. G. (1994). Organizational culture and individual sensemaking: A schema-based perspective. Organization Science, 5(3), 309-321.
    Haunschild, P. R., & Sullivan, B. N. (2002). Learning from complexity: Effects of prior accidents and incidents on airlines` learning. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(4), 609-643.
    Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
    Heck, R. H., Thomas, S. L., & Tabata, L. N. (2013). Multilevel and longitudinal modeling with IBM SPSS: Routledge.
    Hegde, D., Mowery, D. C., & Graham, S. J. (2009). Pioneering inventors or thicket builders: Which US firms use continuations in patenting? Management Science, 55(7), 1214-1226.
    Henderson, J. M., & Hollingworth, A. (1999). High-level scene perception. Annual Review of Psychology, 50(1), 243-271.
    Hesketh, B. (1997). Dilemmas in training for transfer and retention. Applied Psychology, 46(4), 317-339.
    Hinds, P. J. (1999). The curse of expertise: The effects of expertise and debiasing methods on prediction of novice performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 5(2), 205-221.
    Hinds, P. J., Patterson, M., & Pfeffer, J. (2001). Bothered by abstraction: The effect of expertise on knowledge transfer and subsequent novice performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(6), 1232-1243.
    Hodgkinson, G. P. (1997). Cognitive inertia in a turbulent market: The case of UK residential estate agents. Journal of Management Studies, 34(6), 921-945.
    Holyoak, K. J. (2012). Analogy and relational reasoning. In K. J. Holyoak & R. G. Morrison (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of thinking and reasoning (pp. 234-259). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
    Holyoak, K. J., & Koh, K. (1987). Surface and structural similarity in analogical transfer. Memory & Cognition, 15(4), 332-340.
    Homa, D., & Cultice, J. C. (1984). Role of feedback, category size, and stimulus distortion on the acquisition and utilization of ill-defined categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10(1), 83-94.
    Honeck, R. P., Firment, M., & Case, T. J. (1987). Expertise and categorization. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 25(6), 431-434.
    Hopp, W. J., Iravani, S. M., & Yuen, G. Y. (2007). Operations systems with discretionary task completion. Management Science, 53(1), 61-77.
    Huckman, R. S., & Staats, B. R. (2011). Fluid Tasks and Fluid Teams: The Impact of Diversity in Experience and Team Familiarity on Team Performance. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 13(3), 310-328.
    Ibanez, M. R., Clark, J. R., Huckman, R. S., & Staats, B. R. (2018). Discretionary Task Ordering: Queue Management in Radiological Services. Management Science, 64(9), 4389-4407.
    Ingram, P., & Baum, J. A. (1997). Opportunity and constraint: organizations’ learning from the operating and competitive experience of industries. Strategic Management Journal, 18(S1), 75-98.
    Jamrozik, A., & Gentner, D. (2020). Relational labeling unlocks inert knowledge. Cognition, 196, 104146. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104146
    Jansson, D. G., & Smith, S. M. (1991). Design fixation. Design Studies, 12(1), 3-11.
    Kalogerakis, K., Lüthje, C., & Herstatt, C. (2010). Developing innovations based on analogies: experience from design and engineering consultants. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 27(3), 418-436.
    Kang, K., Hahn, J., & De, P. (2017). Learning Effects of Domain, Technology, and Customer Knowledge in Information Systems Development: An Empirical Study. Information Systems Research, 28(4), 797-811.
    KC, D. S., & Staats, B. R. (2012). Accumulating a portfolio of experience: The effect of focal and related experience on surgeon performance. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 14(4), 618-633.
    Kimball, D. R., & Holyoak, K. J. (2000). Transfer and expertise. In E. Tulving & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of memory (pp. 109-122). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
    Kleiner, M. M. (2006). Licensing occupations: Ensuring quality or restricting competition? Kalamazoo, Michigan: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.
    Kogut, B., & Zander, U. (1992). Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replication of technology. Organization Science, 3(3), 383-397.
    Koller, C., & Ebersberger, B. (2015). How do characteristics of patent attorneys influence patent quality? Paper presented at the DRUID15, Rome.
    Kolodner, J. L. (1997). Educational implications of analogy: A view from case-based reasoning. American Psychologist, 52(1), 57-66.
    Løwendahl, B. (2005). Strategic management of professional service firms: Copenhagen Business School Press DK.
    Labianca, G., Gray, B., & Brass, D. J. (2000). A grounded model of organizational schema change during empowerment. Organization Science, 11(2), 235-257.
    Larsen, B. (2015). Occupational Licensing and Quality: Distributional and Heterogeneous Effects in the Teaching Profession. Working paper. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2387096
    Larson, M. S. (1977). The rise of professionalism: A sociological analysis. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.
    Lemley, M. A., & Moore, K. A. (2004). Ending abuse of patent continuations. Boston University Law Review, 84, 63-123.
    Levine, S. S., & Prietula, M. J. (2012). How knowledge transfer impacts performance: A multilevel model of benefits and liabilities. Organization Science, 23(6), 1748-1766.
    Levinthal, D., & Rerup, C. (2006). Crossing an apparent chasm: Bridging mindful and less-mindful perspectives on organizational learning. Organization Science, 17(4), 502-513.
    Levitt, B., & March, J. G. (1988). Organizational learning. Annual Review of Sociology, 14(1), 319-338.
    Levitt, S. D., List, J. A., & Syverson, C. (2013). Toward an understanding of learning by doing: Evidence from an automobile assembly plant. Journal of political Economy, 121(4), 643-681.
    Lewandowsky, S., Little, D., & Kalish, M. L. (2007). Knowledge and expertise. In F. T. Durso, R. S. Nickerson, S. T. Dumais, S. Lewandowsky, & T. J. Perfect (Eds.), Handbook of applied cognition (pp. 83–109): John Wiley & Sons Inc.
    Lewandowsky, S., & Thomas, J. L. (2009). Expertise: Acquisition, limitations, and control. In F. T. Durso (Ed.), Reviews of human factors and ergonomics (Vol. 5, pp. 140-165). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
    Liang, D. W., Moreland, R., & Argote, L. (1995). Group versus individual training and group performance: The mediating role of transactive memory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(4), 384-393.
    Loewenstein, J. (2012). Thinking in business. In K. J. Holyoak & R. G. Morrison (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of thinking and reasoning (pp. 755-773). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
    Loewenstein, J., Thompson, L., & Gentner, D. (1999). Analogical encoding facilitates knowledge transfer in negotiation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6(4), 586-597.
    Loewenstein, J., Thompson, L., & Gentner, D. (2003). Analogical learning in negotiation teams: Comparing cases promotes learning and transfer. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 2(2), 119-127.
    Lord, R. G., & Foti, R. J. (1986). Schema theories, information processing, and organizational behavior. In J. H. P. Sims & D. A. Gioia (Eds.), The thinking organization (pp. 20-48). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
    Lovallo, D., Clarke, C., & Camerer, C. (2012). Robust analogizing and the outside view: two empirical tests of case‐based decision making. Strategic Management Journal, 33(5), 496-512.
    Maas, C. J., & Hox, J. J. (2004). Robustness issues in multilevel regression analysis. Statistica Neerlandica, 58(2), 127-137.
    Maister, D. H. (1982). Balancing the professional service firm. Sloan Management Review, 24(1), 15-29.
    Maitland, E., & Sammartino, A. (2015). Decision making and uncertainty: The role of heuristics and experience in assessing a politically hazardous environment. Strategic Management Journal, 36(10), 1554-1578.
    Malhotra, N. (2003). The nature of knowledge and the entry mode decision. Organization Studies, 24(6), 935-959.
    Malhotra, N., & Morris, T. (2009). Heterogeneity in professional service firms. Journal of Management Studies, 46(6), 895-922.
    Malhotra, N., Morris, T., & Hinings, C. (2006). Variation in organizational form among professional service organizations. In R. Greenwood & R. Suddaby (Eds.), Professional service firms (pp. 171-202): Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
    March, J. G. (1991). Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 2(1), 71-87.
    March, J. G. (2010). The ambiguities of experience. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
    Markman, A. B., & Gentner, D. (1993). Structural alignment during similarity comparisons. Cognitive Psychology, 25(4), 431-467.
    Markman, A. B., & Gentner, D. (1996). Commonalities and differences in similarity comparisons. Memory & Cognition, 24(2), 235-249.
    Markman, A. B., & Gentner, D. (1997). The effects of alignability on memory. Psychological Science, 363-367.
    Markus, H., & Zajonc, R., B. (1985). The Cognitive Perspective in Social Psycholog. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 137-230). New York: Random House.
    Martins, L. L., Rindova, V. P., & Greenbaum, B. E. (2015). Unlocking the hidden value of concepts: A cognitive approach to business model innovation. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 9(1), 99-117.
    Mayer, K. J., Somaya, D., & Williamson, I. O. (2012). Firm-specific, industry-specific, and occupational human capital and the sourcing of knowledge work. Organization Science, 23(5), 1311-1329.
    Mehta, R., Hoegg, J., & Chakravarti, A. (2011). Knowing too much: Expertise-induced false recall effects in product comparison. Journal of Consumer Research, 38(3), 535-554.
    Miller, K. D., & Lin, S. J. (2015). Analogical reasoning for diagnosing strategic issues in dynamic and complex environments. Strategic Management Journal, 36(13), 2000-2020.
    Miozzo, M., Lehrer, M., DeFillippi, R., Grimshaw, D., & Ordanini, A. (2012). Economies of Scope through Multi‐unit Skill Systems: The Organization of Large Design Firms. British Journal of Management, 23(2), 145-164.
    Moeen, M., Somaya, D., & Mahoney, J. T. (2013). Supply portfolio concentration in outsourced knowledge-based services. Organization Science, 24(1), 262-279.
    Mollick, E. (2012). People and process, suits and innovators: The role of individuals in firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 33(9), 1001-1015.
    Morris, T., & Empson, L. (1998). Organisation and expertise: An exploration of knowledge bases and the management of accounting and consulting firms. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 23(5-6), 609-624.
    Nadkarni, S., & Narayanan, V. K. (2007). Strategic schemas, strategic flexibility, and firm performance: The moderating role of industry clockspeed. Strategic Management Journal, 28(3), 243-270.
    Nadler, J., Thompson, L., & Boven, L. V. (2003). Learning negotiation skills: Four models of knowledge creation and transfer. Management Science, 49(4), 529-540.
    Narayanan, S., Balasubramanian, S., & Swaminathan, J. M. (2009). A matter of balance: Specialization, task variety, and individual learning in a software maintenance environment. Management Science, 55(11), 1861-1876.
    Narvaez, D., & Bock, T. (2002). Moral schemas and tacit judgement or how the Defining Issues Test is supported by cognitive science. Journal of Moral Education, 31(3), 297-314.
    Nelson, R. R., & Winter, S. G. (1982). An evolutionary theory of economic change: harvard university press.
    Nicholas, T., & Shimizu, H. (2013). Intermediary functions and the market for innovation in Meiji and Taishō Japan. Business History Review, 87(1), 121-149.
    Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science, 5(1), 14-37.
    Nonaka, I., Toyama, R., & Nagata, A. (2000). A firm as a knowledge-creating entity: a new perspective on the theory of the firm. Industrial and Corporate Change, 9(1), 1-20.
    Novick, L. R. (1988). Analogical transfer, problem similarity, and expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14(3), 510.
    Paas, F. G., & Van Merriënboer, J. J. (1994). Variability of worked examples and transfer of geometrical problem-solving skills: A cognitive-load approach. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86(1), 122-133.
    Perrott, D. A., Genter, D., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2005). Resistance is futile: The unwitting insertion of analogical inferences in memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12(4), 696-702.
    Pisano, G. P., Bohmer, R. M., & Edmondson, A. C. (2001). Organizational differences in rates of learning: Evidence from the adoption of minimally invasive cardiac surgery. Management Science, 47(6), 752-768.
    Prietula, M. J., & Simon, H. A. (1989). The experts in your midst. Harvard Business Review, 67(1), 120-124.
    Ramdas, K., Saleh, K., Stern, S., & Liu, H. (2017). Variety and experience: Learning and forgetting in the use of surgical devices. Management Science, 64(6), 2590-2608.
    Reagans, R., Argote, L., & Brooks, D. (2005). Individual experience and experience working together: Predicting learning rates from knowing who knows what and knowing how to work together. Management Science, 51(6), 869-881.
    Reber, A. S. (1989). Implicit learning and tacit knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118(3), 219-235.
    Reed, S. K. (1987). A structure-mapping model for word problems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13(1), 124-139.
    Reed, S. K., Dempster, A., & Ettinger, M. (1985). Usefulness of analogous solutions for solving algebra word problems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11(1), 106-125.
    Reger, R. K., & Palmer, T. B. (1996). Managerial categorization of competitors: Using old maps to navigate new environments. Organization Science, 7(1), 22-39.
    Reitzig, M. (2004). Improving patent valuations for management purposes—validating new indicators by analyzing application rationales. Research Policy, 33(6-7), 939-957.
    Reitzig, M., & Puranam, P. (2009). Value appropriation as an organizational capability: The case of IP protection through patents. Strategic Management Journal, 30(7), 765-789.
    Reitzig, M., & Wagner, S. (2010). The hidden costs of outsourcing: Evidence from patent data. Strategic Management Journal, 31(11), 1183-1201.
    Renkl, A., & Atkinson, R. K. (2010). Learning from worked-out examples and problem solving. In R. M. J. L. Plass & R. Brünken (Eds.), Cognitive load theory: Cambridge University Press.
    Rerup, C., & Feldman, M. S. (2011). Routines as a source of change in organizational schemata: The role of trial-and-error learning. Academy of Management Journal, 54(3), 577-610.
    Richland, L. E., & McDonough, I. M. (2010). Learning by analogy: Discriminating between potential analogs. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 35(1), 28-43.
    Rindova, V. P., & Petkova, A. P. (2007). When is a new thing a good thing? Technological change, product form design, and perceptions of value for product innovations. Organization Science, 18(2), 217-232.
    Rittle-Johnson, B., Star, J. R., & Durkin, K. (2009). The importance of prior knowledge when comparing examples: Influences on conceptual and procedural knowledge of equation solving. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(4), 836.
    Robertson, M., Scarbrough, H., & Swan, J. (2003). Knowledge creation in professional service firms: Institutional effects. Organization Studies, 24(6), 831-857.
    Ross, B. H. (1987). This is like that: The use of earlier problems and the separation of similarity effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13(4), 629-639.
    Ross, B. H., & Kennedy, P. T. (1990). Generalizing from the use of earlier examples in problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16(1), 42-55.
    Rousseau, D. M. (2001). Schema, promise and mutuality: The building blocks of the psychological contract. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74(4), 511-541.
    Rumelhart, D. E. (1984). Schemata and the cognitive system. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (Vol. 1, pp. 161-188). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
    Süzeroğlu-Melchiors, S., Gassmann, O., & Palmié, M. (2017). Friend or foe? The effects of patent attorney use on filing strategy vis-a-vis the effects of firm experience. Management Decision, 55(6), 1122-1142.
    Saariluoma, P. (1992). Error in chess: The apperception-restructuring view. Psychological Research, 54(1), 17-26.
    Salas, E., Tannenbaum, S. I., Kraiger, K., & Smith-Jentsch, K. A. (2012). The science of training and development in organizations: What matters in practice. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(2), 74-101.
    Salomon, G., & Perkins, D. N. (1989). Rocky roads to transfer: Rethinking mechanism of a neglected phenomenon. Educational Psychologist, 24(2), 113-142.
    Sampat, B. N., & Lemley, M. A. (2010). Examining patent examination. Stanford Technology Law Review, 53(2), 339-416.
    Schilling, M. A., Vidal, P., Ployhart, R. E., & Marangoni, A. (2003). Learning by doing something else: Variation, relatedness, and the learning curve. Management Science, 49(1), 39-56.
    Schmenner, R. W. (1986). How can service businesses survive and prosper. Sloan Management Review, 27(3), 21-32.
    Schmoch, U. (2008). Concept of a technology classification for country comparisons. Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ipstats/en/statistics/patents/pdf/wipo_ipc_technology.pdf
    Schneckenberg, D., Velamuri, V., & Comberg, C. (2019). The design logic of new business models: unveiling cognitive foundations of managerial reasoning. European Management Review, 16(2), 427-447.
    Schneider, C. (2007). The outcome of patent applications-Does experience matter? Working paper. Copenhagen Business School. Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8625/
    Schunn, C. D., & Dunbar, K. (1996). Priming, analogy, and awareness in complex reasoning. Memory & Cognition, 24(3), 271-284.
    Schustack, M. W., & Anderson, J. R. (1979). Effects of analogy to prior knowledge on memory for new information. Journal of Memory and Language, 18(5), 565-583.
    Schwab, A. (2007). Incremental organizational learning from multilevel information sources: Evidence for cross-level interactions. Organization Science, 18(2), 233-251.
    Shane, S. (2000). Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science, 11(4), 448-469.
    Sharma, A. (1997). Professional as agent: Knowledge asymmetry in agency exchange. Academy of Management Review, 22(3), 758-798.
    Shearmur, R., & Doloreux, D. (2013). Innovation and knowledge-intensive business service: the contribution of knowledge-intensive business service to innovation in manufacturing establishments. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 22(8), 751-774.
    Skjølsvik, T., Pemer, F., & Løwendahl, B. R. (2017). Strategic management of professional service firms: Reviewing ABS journals and identifying key research themes. Journal of Professions and Organization, 4(2), 203-239.
    Slusky, R. D. (2007). Invention analysis and claiming: a patent lawyer`s guide. Chicago: American bar association.
    Smith, S. M., & Blankenship, S. E. (1991). Incubation and the persistence of fixation in problem solving. The American Journal of Psychology, 61-87.
    Somaya, D., Williamson, I. O., & Lorinkova, N. (2008). Gone but not lost: The different performance impacts of employee mobility between cooperators versus competitors. Academy of Management Journal, 51(5), 936-953.
    Somaya, D., Williamson, I. O., & Zhang, X. (2007). Combining patent law expertise with R&D for patenting performance. Organization Science, 18(6), 922-937.
    Staats, B. R., & Gino, F. (2012). Specialization and Variety in Repetitive Tasks: Evidence from a Japanese Bank. Management Science, 58(6), 1141-1159.
    Starbuck, W. H. (1992). Learning by knowledge‐intensive firms. Journal of Management Studies, 29(6), 713-740.
    Statler, M., Jacobs, C. D., & Roos, J. (2008). Performing strategy—Analogical reasoning as strategic practice. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 24(2), 133-144.
    Sternitzke, C. (2013). An exploratory analysis of patent fencing in pharmaceuticals: The case of PDE5 inhibitors. Research Policy, 42(2), 542-551.
    Stewart, H. M., Hope, C. A., & Muhlemann, A. P. (2000). Service quality in the legal profession: a review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 2(3), 261-285.
    Sutton, R. I., & Kahn, R. L. (1987). Prediction, understanding, and control as antidotes to organizational stress. In J. W. Lorsch (Ed.), Handbook of organizational behavior (pp. 272-285). Englewood Cliffs, N: Prentice Hal.
    Swanson, K. W. (2009). The emergence of the professional patent practitioner. Technology and Culture, 50(3), 519-548.
    Taylor, S. E., & Crocke, J. (1981). Schematic Bases of Social Information Processin. In E. T. Higgins, C. A. Harman, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Social Cognition: The Ontario Symposium on Personality and Social Psycholog (pp. 89-134). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    Teece, D. J. (2003). Expert talent and the design of (professional services) firms. Industrial and Corporate Change, 12(4), 895-916.
    Toft-Kehler, R., Wennberg, K., & Kim, P. H. (2014). Practice makes perfect: Entrepreneurial-experience curves and venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(4), 453-470.
    Tripsas, M., & Gavetti, G. (2000). Capabilities, cognition, and inertia: Evidence from digital imaging. Strategic Management Journal, 21(10‐11), 1147-1161.
    Tulving, E., & Thomson, D. M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80(5), 352-373.
    Tversky, A. (1977). Features of similarity. Psychological Review, 84(4), 327-352.
    van Zeebroeck, N. (2011). The puzzle of patent value indicators. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 20(1), 33-62.
    van Zeebroeck, N., & van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, B. (2011). Filing strategies and patent value. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 20(6), 539-561.
    VanLehn, K., & Chi, M. (2012). Adaptive expertise as acceleration of future learning. Adaptive Technologies for Training and Education, 28-45.
    von Nordenflycht, A. (2010). What is a professional service firm? Toward a theory and taxonomy of knowledge-intensive firms. Academy of Management Review, 35(1), 155-174.
    von Nordenflycht, A., Malhotra, N., Morris, T., Empson, L., Muzio, D., Broschak, J., & Hinings, B. (2015). Sources of homogeneity and heterogeneity across professional services. In L. Empson, D. Muzio, J. Broschak, & B. Hinings (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of professional service firms (pp. 135-162). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
    Wagner, S. (2007). Economic Analyses of the European Patent System: Springer Science & Business Media.
    Wagner, S., Hoisl, K., & Thoma, G. (2014). Overcoming localization of knowledge—the role of professional service firms. Strategic Management Journal, 35(11), 1671-1688.
    Walsh, J. P. (1995). Managerial and organizational cognition: Notes from a trip down memory lane. Organization Science, 6(3), 280-321.
    Weick, K. E., Sutcliffe, K. M., & Obstfeld, D. (1999). Organizing for high reliability: Processes of collective mindfulness. Res. Organ. Behav., 21, 81-123.
    Weiser, M., & Shertz, J. (1983). Programming problem representation in novice and expert programmers. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 19(4), 391-398.
    Westermann, K. D., Bedard, J. C., & Earley, C. E. (2015). Learning the “craft” of auditing: A dynamic view of auditors` on‐the‐job learning. Contemporary Accounting Research, 32(3), 864-896.
    Wiersma, E. (2007). Conditions that shape the learning curve: Factors that increase the ability and opportunity to learn. Management Science, 53(12), 1903-1915.
    Wolpert, R. S. (1990). Recognition of melody, harmonic accompaniment, and instrumentation: Musicians vs. nonmusicians. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 8(1), 95-105.
    Wong, S.-S. (2004). Distal and local group learning: Performance trade-offs and tensions. Organization Science, 15(6), 645-656.
    Wong, W., & Radcliffe, D. F. (2000). The tacit nature of design knowledge. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 12(4), 493-512.
    Wulf, G., & Schmidt, R. A. (1997). Variability of practice and implicit motor learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23(4), 987-1006.
    Zardkoohi, A., Bierman, L., Panina, D., & Chakrabarty, S. (2011). Revisiting a proposed definition of professional service firms. Academy of Management Review, 36(1), 180-184.
    Zheng, C., Khavul, S., & Crockett, D. (2012). Does it transfer? The effects of pre-internationalization experience on post-entry organizational learning in entrepreneurial Chinese firms. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 10(3), 232-254.
    Zollo, M., & Reuer, J. J. (2010). Experience spillovers across corporate development activities. Organization Science, 21(6), 1195-1212.
    游銘仁. (2018). 個人價值觀與社會創業警覺力：一個調節式中介效果模型的驗證. 國立政治大學科技管理與智慧財產研究所博士論文, 台北市.
    謝祖松. (2020). 兩岸新型及實用新型專利制度之檢討——兼論同步廢除之實益. 專利師, 40, 92-102.
    Description: 博士
    國立政治大學
    科技管理與智慧財產研究所
    99359504
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099359504
    Data Type: thesis
    DOI: 10.6814/NCCU202001646
    Appears in Collections:[Graduate Institute of TIPM] Theses

    Files in This Item:

    File Description SizeFormat
    950401.pdf5999KbAdobe PDF253View/Open


    All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - Feedback