Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/131771
|
Title: | 中國大陸境外法對國際非政府組織合法性建構之影響:以Greenpeace為例 Greenpeace under China`s International NGO Law |
Authors: | 唐育萱 Tang, Yu-Hsuan |
Contributors: | 林義鈞 唐育萱 Tang, Yu-Hsuan |
Keywords: | INGO 境外法 分類控制系統 雙重管理制 合法化 INGO INGO Law Differential control system Dual management system Legalization |
Date: | 2020 |
Issue Date: | 2020-09-02 12:42:59 (UTC+8) |
Abstract: | 自從習近平接任中國國家主席以來,中國大陸社會組織面臨更具體、更嚴格的法規管理,尤其是2017年所頒布的《境外非政府組織境內活動管理法》(以下簡稱:境外法),它規範凡是於中國大陸境內活動之外國非政府組織(INGO),皆需依法註冊、安排主管單位以及定期提報活動計畫,否則可能面臨公安部門的約談,更甚者將被列入黑名單。 在《境外法》頒布之前,INGO由分類控制系統列管,意即組織性質與倡議內容若符合國家主觀判斷,便可成功獲取政治合法性確保組織生存;而該法生效後,中國大陸一改過往30年「不允許、不禁止、不接觸」的消極管理方針,使得INGO被迫取消以往遊走於制度邊緣的發展模式,並且面臨註冊與監管等法律門檻。在各組織回應制度能力有所差異的情況下,本研究據此提出問題意識:在《境外法》下,尚未取得註冊身份的INGO如何自我調適與行動? 本文針對Greenpeace個案研究,探討該INGO應對《境外法》依法註冊的要求,因此採取的對策與行動。本研究透過Greenpeace的案例發現:政治態度、社會影響與社會網絡、與各級政府官僚組織的互動關係三個因素,將影響INGO在《境外法》下的合法性建構。 Regulations for NGOs in China have been stricter since Xi Jinping became the president. In 2017, the government promulgated The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Administration of Activities of International Nongovernmental Organizations (hereafter INGO Law) which required all overseas NGOs working in China to register. The Chinese government used to hold a passive attitude toward INGOs, but the situation has dramatically changed after the enforcement of INGO Law. Nowadays, INGOs need to coincide with INGO law and submit activity plans regularly. Otherwise, they may be interrogated or blacklisted by the Ministry of Public Security. The main concern of the research focuses on how INGOs adapt themselves to the law and demonstrate planning and negotiation skills during the registration process. By doing so, INGOs can achieve legal status. This study aims to explore the challenges faced by Greenpeace under the INGO law and their responses to the law. This study believes that there are three factors impacting the construction of legality: the political attitude, the social influence and social network, and the interaction with bureaucracy. |
Reference: | 中國發展簡報,2019,〈簡報論壇-《境外非政府組織境內活動管理法》實施2週年研討會會議簡訊〉,http://www.chinadevelopmentbrief.org.cn/news-22185.html,查閱日期:2020年6月16日。 王名、劉國翰、何建宇,2001,《中國社團改革:從政府選擇到社會選擇》,北京:社會科學文獻出版社。 王名,2010,《社會組織概論》:138,北京:中國社會出版社。 王名、楊麗,2011,〈國際 NGO 論綱〉,《中國非營利評論》8(2):1-33。 王信賢,2006,〈將社會帶回?中國大陸中介組織的發展與理論省思:以W市商會與行業協會為例〉,《人文及社會科學集刊》18(2):293-326。 王信賢,2010,〈當代中國「國家-社會」關係的變與常─以環保組織的發展為例〉。《政治學報》,49:1-39。 王信賢,2011,〈社會團體與非政府組織〉,王振寰、湯京平、宋國誠主編,《中國大陸暨兩岸關係研究》:323,台北:巨流圖書公司。 王信賢、王占璽,2006,〈夾縫求生:中國大陸社會組織的發展與困境〉,《中國大陸研究》,49(1): 27-51。 朱春雷,2007,〈建國後中國國家與社會關係研究綜述〉,《廣州社會主義學院學報》(1):44-47。 朱新民、譚偉恩,2005,〈中國改革開放之社會評析:經濟、政治的改革與外交政策的調整與挑戰〉,《東亞研究》36(1):1-48。 辛翠玲,2010,〈三種跨國公民政治模式之比較〉。2010年中國政治學會年會暨「能知的公民?民主的理想與國會之審議」研討會,高雄:中山大學。 周雪光,2003,《組織社會學十講》:74-79,北京:社會科學文獻。 林德昌,2010,〈全球公民社會對國際非政府組織在中國大陸發展的影響〉。《東吳政治學報》2(4):93-146。 徐輝,2010,〈新媒體兇猛 NGO傳播的福音?〉http://www.chinadevelopmentbrief.org.cn/news-1509.html,查閱日期:2020年3月20日。 高丙中,2000,〈社會團體的合法性問題〉,《中國社會科學》2:100-109。 胥曉鶯,2005,〈尋求共贏但保持獨立——與WWF首席運營官保爾·史蒂爾談非政府組織和企業的合作〉,《商務週刊》2。http://finance.sina.com.cn/leadership/jygl/20051122/15042138379.shtm 查閱日期:2020年5月15日。 孫立平,1994,《轉型與斷裂:改革以來中國社會結構的變遷》:,8-14,北京:清華大學出版社。 康曉光、馮利,2004,〈中國非政府組織的治理〉,《二十一世紀雙月刊》86:62-73。 康曉光、韓恒,2005,〈分類控制:當前中國大陸國家與社會關係研究〉,《社會學研究》6:73-89。 馬秋莎,2006,〈全球化、國際非政府組織與中國民間組織的發展〉,《開放時代》 2:118-138。 陳信吉,2013,《境外社會組織於中國大陸合法性的建立:以慈濟基金會為例》:263,台北:致知學術出版。 陳福勝、秦軍,2007,〈合法性的理論辨析〉,《學術交流》9:55-57。 張清,2010,《非政府組織的法律空間:一種硬法規制的視角》:131-164,北京:智慧財產權出版社。 黃浩明主編,2000,《國際民間組織:合作實務與管理》:1,北京:對外經濟貿易大學出版社。 景燕春、朱建綱,2017,〈INGO嵌入中國社會治理:以廣東省為例〉,《第三部門學刊》19:81-107。 曾宇正,2017,〈專訪福特基金會中國首代高倩倩:想“走出去”,先思考三個問題〉,http://www.chinadevelopmentbrief.org.cn/news-20314.html。查閱時間:2019年10月17日。 曾繁旭,2006,〈NGO媒體策略與空間拓展——以綠色和平建構“金光集團雲南毀林”議題為個案〉,《開放時代》6:28-31。 曾繁旭,2009,〈國家控制下的 NGO 議題建構:以中國議題為例〉,《傳播與社會學刊》8:19-53。 靳建新,2012,〈境外NGO:管理與服務的探索〉,http://www.ccswf.org.tw/files/7100/15/1.1--勒建新.pdf。查閱時間:2019年11月5日。 賈西津,2019,〈境外非政府組織管理法實施三年來的成就與挑戰〉,中國發展簡報,https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/LSg2XWLwiLfqyh5tiyiwcg 查閱時間:2020年6月17日。 新頭殼,2010,〈綠色和平在台設點引爭議〉,https://newtalk.tw/citizen/view/810,查閱日期:2019年01月17日。 趙靈敏,2007,〈綠色和平的本土化生存〉,《南風窗》3:42-43。 寇健文,1999,〈共黨統治下的大規模反抗運動與共黨的預防策略—理論探討〉,《問題與研究》,38(12):56。 綠色和平,2004,〈金光集團APP雲南圈地毀林事件調查報告〉https://www.greenpeace.org.cn/china/Global/china/_planet-2/report/2007/11/app-5.pdf 查閱日期:2020年3月27日。 綠色和平,2007,《2007 年報》,綠色和平中國:北京,7。 綠色和平,2017,〈楊凱霞 VS 非暴力抗爭:為好生活開拓發聲空間〉,https://www.greenpeace.org/hongkong/ourstory/update/5608/楊凱霞-vs-非暴力抗爭:為好生活開拓發聲空間/ 。查閱日期:2020年3月19日。 綠色和平,2018 a.,〈20年來,變與不變:兩代總幹事對談〉, http://www.greenpeace.org/taiwan/zh/news/stories/about/2018/ED-ED/,查閱日期:2019年01月17日。 綠色和平,2018 b.,〈為種植用途極廣的棕櫚油,印尼「最後的雨林」遭砍伐〉https://www.thenewslens.com/article/97798 。查閱日期:2020年3月18日。 綠色和平,2019,〈中國城市污染地塊開發利用中的問題與對策〉https://www.greenpeace.org.cn/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/中国城市污染地块开发利用中的问题与对策-终版.pdf 。查閱日期:2020年3月27日。 端傳媒,2017,〈境外NGO管理法在中國實施的第一天〉,https://theinitium.com/article/20170101-mainland-ingo/,查閱日期:2018年11月28日。 劉雅靈,2017,〈國家/社會關係研究途徑:理論與實例〉,《自下而上的改革:中國地方經濟發展的路徑分歧》,146,台北:巨流圖書公司。 劉忠亮,2018,〈中國變了,國際民間組織何去何從?〉,中國發展簡報http://www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/articles/china-has-changed-how-should-overseas-ngos-adapt/ 查閱日期:2019年10月21日。 簡韶儀,2010,〈綠色和平組織在中國與印尼行動策略方案之研究〉,高雄:中山大學中國與亞太區域研究所碩士論文。 戴東清,2005,〈中國大陸國家與社會關係1989-2002:以鑲嵌之社會團體自主性為例〉台北:秀威資訊科技,67-68。 韓璧如,2016,〈中國通過境外非政府組織法〉,http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001067343?archive,查閱日期:2019年10月12日。 韓俊魁,2010,〈愛滋病防治領域非政府組織參與的障礙及其解決:以雲南為例〉,《中國農業大學學報(社會科學版)》27(4): 329-331。 Boykoff, Maxwell T. J., and Timmons Roberts. 2007. Media Coverage of Climate Change: Current Trends, Strengths, Weaknesses. Human Development Office Occasional Paper 2007/2008. http://rockyanderson.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/MediacoverageofCC-current-trends.pdf (Accessed on March 18, 2020). Brødsgaard, Kjeld Erik. 2016. Chinese Politics as Fragmented Authoritarianism: Earthquakes, Energy and Environment. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis. Chang, Yao, and Michael Hsin Huang Hsiao. 2018. “Different Localizations: Development Paths of INGOs in China” Mainland China Studies 61(2): 23-49. Collier, Ruth Berins, and David Collier. 1991. Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, The Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Cooper, Caroline M.. 2006. “This is our Way in’: The Civil Society of Environmental NGOs in South-West China.” Government & Opposition 41(1): 109-136. DeLuca, Kevin Michael. 2009. “Greenpeace International Media Analyst Reflects on Communicating Climate Change.” Environmental Communication 3: 263- 269. Deng, Guo Sheng. 2010. “The Hidden Rules Governing China`s Unregistered NGOs: Management and Consequences” China Review 10(1): 183-206. Doyle, Jilie. 2007. “Picturing the Clima(c)tic: Greenpeace and the Representational Politics of Climate Change Communication.” Science as Culture 2: 129-150. Fulda, Andreas. 2017. “A New Law in China is Threatening the Work of International NGOs.” The Conversation. http://theconversation.com/a-new-law-in-china-is-threatening-the-work-of-international-ngos-70884 (Accessed on October 10, 2019). Gan, Nectar. 2017. “Why foreign NGOs are struggling with new Chinese law.” South Asia Moring Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2097923/why-foreign-ngos-are-struggling-new-chinese-law (Accessed on September 12, 2019). Hildebrandt, Tinothy. 2013. Social Organizations and the Authoritarian State in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ho, Peter. 2001. “Greening Without Conflict? Environmentalism, NGOs and Civil Society in China” Development and Change 32(5): 893-921. Ho, Peter. 2007. “Embedded Activism and Political Change in a Semiauthoritarian Context” In China`s Embedded Activism : Opportunities and Constraints of a Social Movement, eds. P. Ho and R.L. Edmonds. 195-198. New York : Routledge. Hsia, R. Y. - J., and Lynn T. White III. 2002. “Working amid Corporatism and Confusion: Foreign NGOs in China.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 31(3): 329-351. Hsu, J. Y. J., Hsu, C. L., and Hasmath, R.. 2017. NGO Strategies in an Authoritarian Context, and Their Implications for Citizenship: The Case of the People’s Republic of China. Voluntas 28(3): 1157-1179. Keck, Margarrt E. and, Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell. Keohane, Robert. 1984. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Koppenjan, Joop F. M., Bert Enserink. 2009. “Public–Private Partnerships in Urban Infrastructures: Reconciling Private Sector Participation and Sustainability.” Volume 69: 2 284-296. Krasner, Stephen D. 1984.“ Review Article: Approach to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical. Dynamics.” Comparative Politics 16(2): 224-225. Li, Shuoyan. 2019. “Global Civil Society Under the New INGO Regulatory Law: A Comparative Case Study on Two INGOs in China” Volutas 30(1): 1-11. Lin, Scott Y. 2017. “The Evolution of Food Security Governance and Food Sovereignty Movement in China: An Analysis from the World Society Theory” Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 30: 686-688. Ma, Qiu Sha. 2004. Non-Governmental Organizations in Contemporary China. New York: Routledge. Matsuzawa, Setsuko. 2011. “Horizontal Dynamics in Transnational Activism: The Case of Nu River Anti-Dam Activism in China.” Mobilization 16(3): 369-387. Matsuzawa, Setsuko. 2019. Activating China: Local Actors, Foreign Influence, and State Response. New York: Routledge, 4-9. Mauer, John G. 1971. Reading in Organizations: Open-System Approaches. New York: Random House. Mertha, Andrew M. 2009.“Fragmented Authoritarianism 2.0’: Political Pluralization in the Chinese Policy Process” The China Quarterly 200 (4): 995-1012. Mooney, Paul. 2006. “How to Deal with NGOs- Part I, China.” YaleGlobal Online. https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/how-deal-ngos-part-i-china (Accessed on October 1, 2019). Nickum, James. 2010. "Water Policy Reform in China`s Fragmented Hydraulic State: Focus on Self-funded/Managed Irrigation and Drainage Districts." Water Alternatives 3(3): 537. Noake, Steven, and Jessica Teets. 2018. “Learning under authoritarianism: Strategic adaptations within international foundations and NGOs in China.” Voluntas 29(1): 1-21. Qian, Jiwei, and Mok Ka Ho. 2016. “Dual Decentralization and Fragmented Authoritarianism in Governance: Crowding Out among Social Programmes in China” Public Administration and Development 36(3): 185-197. Ran, Ran. 2013. “Perverse Incentive Structure and Policy Implementation Gap in China’s Local Environmental Politics.” Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning 15: 17-39. Saich, Tony. 2000. “Negotiating the State: The Development of Social Organizations in China” China Quarterly 161: 124-141. Saur, K.G. . 1988. “International Association Statutes Series”, In Union of International Association. Munich, New York, London, Paris: Appendix 4-10. Schmitter, Phillippe. 1974. “Still the Century of Corporatism?” Review of Politics 36: 93-94. Shieh, Shawn. 2009. “Beyond Corporatism and Civil Society.” In State and Society Responses to Social Welfare Needs in China: Serving the People, eds. J. Schwartz and S. Shieh. UK: Routledge. Shieh, Shawn, and Signe Knutson. 2012. “The Roles and Challenges of International NGOs in China’s Development ” China Development Brief. Shieh, Shawn. 2016. “Some Insights From a Q&A With the Ministry of Public Security on the Overseas NGO Law (Sept. 11)” http://ngochina.blogspot.com/2016/09/some-insights-from-q-with-ministry-of.html (Access on October 11, 2019). Shieh, Shawn. 2018. “The Chinese State and Overseas NGOs: From Regulatory Ambiguity to the Overseas NGO Law” Nonprofit Policy Forum 9(1): 1-10. Skocpol, Theda. 1985. “Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current." In Bringing the State in, eds P. Evans and T. Skocpol. 3-37. New York: Cambridge University Press. Spires, A. J.. 2011a. “Organizational Homophily in International Grantmaking: US-based Foundations and their Grantees in China.” Journal of Civil Society 7(3): 305–331. Spires, A. J.. 2011b. “Contingent symbiosis and civil society in an authoritarian state: Understanding the survival of China’s grassroots NGOs.” American Journal of Sociology 117(1): 1-45. Wheeler, Norton. 2012. The Role of American NGOs in China’s Modernization: Invited Influence. New York: Routledge. White, Gorden. 1993. “Perspect in Civil Society in China: A Case Study of Xiaoshan City” Australia Journal of Chinese Affairs 29: 63-87. White, Gorden, Howell, Jude A. and Shang Xiaoyuan. 1996. In Search of Civil Society: Market Reform and Social Change in Contemporary China. Oxford : Clarendon Press. Yahuda, Michael. 1997. “How Much Has China Learned about Interdependence?” In China Rising: Nationalism and Interdependence. eds. David S. G. Goodman and Gerald Segal. New York: Routledge. 22. Yin, Deyong. 2009. “China’s attitude toward foreign NGOs.” Washington University Global Studies Law Review 8(3): 521-543. Yang, Katja M., and Björn Alpermann. 2014.“Children and Youth NGOs in China: Social Activism between Embeddedness and Marginalization” China Information 28(3): 311-337. Yongding. 2005. “China’s Color-Coded Crackdown.” Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2005/11/19/chinas-color-coded-crackdown/ (Accessed October 1, 2019). Zhan, Xue Yong, and Tang Shi Yan. 2013. “Political Opportunities, Resource Constraints and Policy Advocacy of Environmental NGOs in China.” Public Administration 91(2): 381–399. |
Description: | 碩士 國立政治大學 政治學系 106252013 |
Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106252013 |
Data Type: | thesis |
DOI: | 10.6814/NCCU202001234 |
Appears in Collections: | [政治學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
201301.pdf | | 1759Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 6 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|