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    Title: 人工智慧之公法學研究
    A Public Law Study on Artificial Intelligence
    Authors: 劉國儒
    Liu, Kuo-Ju
    Contributors: 劉宗德
    Liou, Tzong-Der
    劉國儒
    Liu, Kuo-Ju
    Keywords: 人工智慧
    AI
    公私協力
    可信賴AI
    隱私權
    演算法
    Artificial intelligence
    AI
    Public-private partnership
    Trusted AI
    Privacy
    Algorithms
    Date: 2020
    Issue Date: 2020-09-02 12:28:52 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 近年來,人工智慧技術開始蓬勃發展,與我們的生活也漸漸開始產生密不可分的關聯,從每個人手機中的「Siri」到被推薦觀看的新聞,或是Tesla和Watson的出現,在在說明人工智慧時代已然到來。
    每個新的技術產生到全面應用的過程中,往往會對現有的法規形成挑戰。本文將描述當網際網路來臨時,許多法規面的限制是須要去調整和突破的,並以此思考如何面對人工智慧時代中也會產生的法規面的挑戰和問題。
    本文將針對人工智慧所衍生的憲法爭議與行政規制提出討論。人工智慧在發展出強人工智慧後,有可能可以取代人類,在這樣的情況下,有些決定可能是由人工智慧系統直接做決定,後續的究責問題是須要進行規制; 透過演算法運作進行自動化決策的過程中,人性尊嚴是否被侵犯,過程中因為數據偏失或是演算法偏見所導致的不平等或歧視,應該透過規制去進行防範;個人資料蒐集、處理與利用過程中,應使資料可以被充分利用,但必須充分保障個人隱私及資訊自主權。
    人工智慧的規制若是太嚴格,將抑制新技術的發展,若是太寬鬆將無法預防風險之發生,而且,政府單位並沒有能力對產業有足夠之了解,因此透過產業自主規範,建立產業自主規範、國際標準會是國內外共同有的方式,透過命令或規範要求相關產業遵守標準,可以使產業的審核有共通標準,促進產業進步。
    In recent years, artificial intelligence technology has begun to flourish, and it has gradually begun to have an inseparable connection with our daily lives, from the "Siri" in everyone`s mobile phone to recommended news, or Tesla and Waston. The era of artificial intelligence has arrived.
    During the process of new technology being produced to fully application, it will often challenge existing laws and regulations. The thesis will describe some regulatory restrictions need to be adjusted or changed when Internet is coming. In the era of artificial intelligence, we need to think about the countermeasures for those legal challenges and problems will occur again.
    This thesis will discuss the constitutional disputes and administrative regulations derived from artificial intelligence. After the strong artificial intelligence well developed, artificial intelligence may replace human beings. In this case, some decisions may be made directly by the artificial intelligence system, and the follow-up accountability problem needs to be ruled; automated decision-making process through algorithm operation, whether human dignity has been violated or not, inequality or discrimination caused by data bias or algorithmic bias in the process should be prevented through regulations; we need to make the data be fully utilized with well privacy protection and information self-determination during the process of personal data collection, process, and utilization.
    If the regulation of artificial intelligence is too strict, it will inhibit the development of new technologies. If it is too loose, it will not be able to prevent the occurrence of risks. Moreover, government units do not have the ability to have a sufficient understanding of the industry. International standards will be a common method at home and abroad. Through orders or regulations to require related industries to comply with standards, it can make industry audits have common standards and promote industry progress.
    Reference: 一、中文文獻(按作者姓氏筆劃排列)
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    (四)研討會論文
    1.宋華琳,人工智慧在行政治理中的作用及其法律控制,跨越傳統與現代科技之行政管制與執行法制,頁269-294,2018年6月。
    2.洪文玲,自動駕駛車輛管理法制之探討,跨越傳統與現代科技之行政管制與執行法制研討會,頁229-268,2018年6月。
    3.賴恆盈,風險社會之行政管制課題序說,台北市政府法務局,105年直轄市法制及行政救濟業務研討會,2016年。

    (五)研究計畫報告
    1.理律法律事務所,2018年12月,人工智慧之相關法規國際發展趨勢與因應,國家發展委員會委託。
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    6.經濟部標準檢驗局,國家標準發展策略研究計畫之基礎標準化導論,2007年9月

    (六)學位論文
    1.林延宗,2018年,無人機監控的合理隱私期待,世新大學法律學院碩士論文。
    2.李明勳,2013年,合理隱私期待之研究—以定位科技為例,政治大學法律學研究所碩士論文。

    二、外文文獻(按作者名字母排列)
    (一)專書(含專書論文)
    1.Cathy O’neil,Weapons of Math Destruction:how big data increase inequality and threadtents democracy,(2016).
    2.Carlos PerezThe Deep Learning AI Playbook,Intution Machine,(2017).
    3.John Frank Weaver,Robots Are People too,(2013).
    4.Jamie Bartlett,The People vs. TECH,Random House,(2018).
    5.Michael J. Sandel,Justice what’s the right thing to do,(2009).
    6.Article 29 Data Protection Working Group, Opinion 06/2014 on the Notion of Legitimate Interests of the Data Controller Under Article 7 of Directive 95/46/EC, (2014).

    (二)期刋論文
    1.Awad, Edmond ; Dsouza, Sohan ; Kim, Richard ; Schulz, Jonathan ; Henrich, Joseph ; Shariff, Azim ; Bonnefon, Jean-François ; Rahwan, Iyad,The Moral Machine experiment,Nature, Nov 1, Vol.563(7729), pp.59-3,64A-64K,(2018).
    2.Daniel J. Solove,Understanding Privacy,Harvard University Press,P.16-27,(2008).
    3.David L. Weimer,Aidan R. Vining,Policy Analysis: Concepts and Practice, Taylor & Francis, 2017 new version, p.27-28, 2017.
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    5.James Buchanan, Robert Tollison, and Gordon Tullock, Toward a Theory of the Rent-Seeking Society. College Station, TX.: Texas A & M University Press, (1984)
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    7.Jody R. Westby, American Bar Association, International Guide to Privacy, p.15-17,(2004).
    8.John Fox, Safe and Sound:Artificial Intelligence in Hazardous Applications, The MIT press, pp.155-167 , (2000).
    9.Lawrence Solum, legal Personhood for Artifical Intelligence, 70 N. C. L. REV, P.1237-1287,(1991).
    10.L. Sweeney. k-anonymity: a model for protecting privacy. International Journal on Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-based Systems, 10 (5), 557-570, (2002).
    11.Searle, John. R. Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (3),P. 417-457, (1980).
    12.Susanne Beck,The problem of ascribing legal responsibility in the case of robotics,31 AI & Soc,P.473-481,(2016)
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    14.William L. Prosser,(1960),Privacy,California Law Review,vol.48, no.3, pp. 383-423, 1960 Aug.
    15.Yilun Wang, & Michal Kosinski,Deep neural networks are more accurate than humans at detecting sexual orientation from facial images. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, P.15-31 , (2017).

    三、日文文獻
    (一)專書(含專書論文)
    1.橫田明美,ロボット-AIと法,有斐閣,初版2刷,2018年7月20日。
    2.山本龍彦,AIと憲法,日本經濟新聞研究所,2018年8月。

    四、國內判決
    1.最高法院 106 年台上字第 3788 號刑事判決
    2.臺北地方法院 103 年訴字第 255 號民事判決
    3.臺北地方法院 103 年小上字第 155 號民事判決
    4.最高行政法院103年判字第600號判決
    5.臺灣臺北地方法院108年度北小字第2348號判決。
    6.最高行政法院103年度訴更1字第120判決。

    五、國外判決
    1.United States v. Virginia, 518 U.S. 515 (1996).
    2.Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438, 453 (1972)
    3.Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27 (2001)
    4.Commonwealth v. Phifer, 463 Mass. 790 (2012)
    5.United States v. Knotts, 460 U.S. 276 (1983)
    6.United Stated v. Jones, 132 S.Ct. 945 (2012)

    六、機關函釋及公告
    1.法務部法律字第10303513040號函
    2.衛生福利部食品藥物管理署公告,FDA器字第1081606759之附件。

    七、新聞報導及網路連結
    1.林敬家,全國首創! 彰濱自駕觀光小巴上路,聯合新聞網,2020/7/14 報導,https://udn.com/news/story/7325/4702031?from=udn-catelistnews_ch2,last visited on 7/16/2020.
    2.「人工智慧」的大腦由什麼組成?https://kknews.cc/zh-tw/tech/l6momj2.html,2017/8/3,last visited on 2020/7/19.
    3.初學者 AI 入門指南:深度學習的五級分類,https://kknews.cc/tech/l836yg2.html,last visited on 2020/07/05.
    4.由日本軟體銀行(SoftBank)開發,台灣富士康所製造的陪伴型機器人,日経パソコン報導,https://tech.nikkeibp.co.jp/it/article/NEWS/20140605/561963/,last visited on 2020/01/29.
    5.首例!沙烏地阿拉伯授予機器人公民身份,明日科學2017年11月6日報導,https://tomorrowsci.com/technology/%E9%A6%96%E4%BE%8B-%E6%B2%99%E7%83%8F%E5%9C%B0%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%8E%88%E4%BA%88%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E8%BA%AB%E4%BB%BD/,last visited on 2020/01/29.
    6.首例!日本虛擬AI人工智慧 「澀谷未來」 取得實體戶籍,自由報 2017年11月4日報導,https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/2243548,last visited on 2020/01/29.
    7.美國北達科他州立大學(North Dakota State University)己有研究生成功製造了可用3D列印技術去複製自身的機器人,https://www.manufacturingtomorrow.com/news/2017/07/19/ndsu-students-develop-3d-printing-self-replicating-robot/10034/,2020/01/29 visited.
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    96.1997年ISO/IEC聯合發佈的〈第二號指南〉(ISO/IEC Guide2)第3部份(第3版)
    97.BS 8611:2016,Robots and robotic devices. Guide to the ethical design and application of robots and robotic systems,https://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030320089,last visited on 2020/6/4.
    98.https://kknews.cc/zh-tw/design/59yq393.html
    99.全球技術地圖,IEEE新版「人工智慧設計的倫理準則」白皮書全球重磅發布,https://read01.com/6GJ87DG.html,last visited on 2020/6/4
    100.國際電工委員會,IEC簡介https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%94%B5%E5%B7%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A,last visited on 2020/7/16.
    101.國際標準組織,ISO簡介https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%8C%96%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94,last visited on 2020/7/16.
    102.聯合技術委員會(JTC1)簡介,https://www.iso.org/isoiec-jtc-1.html,last visited on 2020/7/16.
    103.ISO/IEC人工智慧標準,https://www.iso.org/standard/77607.html,last visited on 2020/7/16.
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    105.美國電氣和電子工程師協會 IEEE簡介https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%B0%94%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A,last visited on 2020/7/16
    106.IEEEP7008,https://standards.ieee.org/project/7008.html,last visited on 2020/7/16
    107.陳曉莉,密西根州通過自動駕駛車法令,沒方向盤、剎車及駕駛的自駕車也能上路,iThome電子新聞,2016/12/12。https://www.ithome.com.tw/news/110161,last visited on 2020/7/8.
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    八、外文新聞報導及網路連結
    1.Brenda Goh and Yilei Sun,”Tesla `very close` to level 5 autonomous driving technology, Musk says”,Reuters,2020/7/9 reported,https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tesla-autonomous/tesla-very-close-to-level-5-autonomous-driving-technology-musk-says-idUSKBN24A0HE,last visited on 2020/7/16.
    2.An AI professor explains: three concerns about granting citizenship to robot Sophia,2017/10/30 reported,https://theconversation.com/an-ai-professor-explains-three-concerns-about-granting-citizenship-to-robot-sophia-86479,last visited on 2020/01/29.
    3.Jake Spring, Alexandria Sage,Tesla removes `self-driving` from China website after Beijing crash,Reuters report, 2016/08/15,https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tesla-china-crash-idUSKCN10Q0L4,last visited on 2020/03/11
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    5.Patient died ‘after robot surgery error’ with Da Vinci devic, reported by Kat Lay, 2018/11/06, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/patient-died-after-robot-surgery-error-with-da-vinci-device-xkq8lpshx,last visit on 2020/2/22.
    6.Samuel Gibbs,Musk, Wozniak and Hawking urge ban on warfare AI and autonomous weapons,2015/7/27 reported,The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/27/musk-wozniak-hawking-ban-ai-autonomous-weapons,last visited on 2020/3/22
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    8.Natalie Walters,Mercedes-Benz Will Let Self-Driving Cars Hit Pedestrians to Protect Passengers, TheStreet, 2016/10/13. https://www.thestreet.com/markets/mercedes-benz-will-let-self-driving-cars-hit-pedestrians-to-protect-passengers-13852444 (last visited on 2020/2/23),
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    10.MIT Moral machine web site, http://moralmachine.mit.edu/ ,(last visited on 2020/2/23) Kate Devlin talk in TEDxWarwick,Sex Robots, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qlNV2fx7iS0 ,last visited on 2020/4/22.
    11.David Levy,於ideacity talk演講,Sex With Robots: Yes!,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yx5L2LAJUSE ,last visited on 2020/4/22
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    13.Lin Taylor,Sex robots: perverted or practical in fight against sex trafficking?,Reuters report, 2017/7/21,https://www.reuters.com/article/science-robots-sextrafficking/sex-robots-perverted-or-practical-in-fight-against-sex-trafficking-idUSL1N1KB0M0,last visited on 2020/4/22.
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    32.Sam Biddle,ICE’s New York office uses a rigged algotithm to keep virtually all arrestees in detention. The ACLU says it’s unconstitutiona,The Intercept,2020/3/20 reported,https://theintercept.com/2020/03/02/ice-algorithm-bias-detention-aclu-lawsuit/,last visited on 2020/7/11.
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    36.PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE OF TRANSPORTATION: AUTOMATED VEHICLES 3.0,2018年10月, https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/policy-initiatives/automated-vehicles/320711/preparing-future-transportation-automated-vehicle-30.pdf,last visited on 2020/7/11.
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    40.HR3388 Self Drive Act. https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/3388/text#toc-HFA0F60E1E6654413989948E894A0421C,last visited on 2020/5/24.
    41.S.1885 - AV START Act,https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/1885/text?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22AV+Start%22%5D%7D&r=3&s=1,last visited on 2020/5/25
    42.THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF PENNSYLVANIA SENATE BILL No. 427, HIGHLY AUTOMATED VEHICLES AND PLATOONING TESTING http://custom.statenet.com/public/resources.cgi?id=ID:bill:PA2017000S427&ciq=ncsl&client_md=a3eee7a608d634ca50c150f6c6d931ee&mode=current_text,last visited on 2020/5/25
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    45.Uriel J. Garcia and Ryan Randazzo,Video shows Uber operator moments before self-driving car crash that killed pedestrian,USA Today,2018/3/21 reported,https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/nation-now/2018/03/21/fatal-uber-crash/447770002/ ,last visited on 2020/5/26
    46.Jacob Devlin and Ming-Wei Chang,Open Sourcing BERT: State-of-the-Art Pre-training for Natural Language Processing,Google AI Blog,https://ai.googleblog.com/2018/11/open-sourcing-bert-state-of-art-pre.html,last visited on 2020/3/14.
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    48.G20 Ministerial Statement on Trade and Digital Economy,https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000486596.pdf,last visited on 2020/6/2.
    49.Cyrus Farivar,New bill aims to stamp out bias in algorithms used by companies ,NBC news,2019/4/11 reported, https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/new-bill-aims-stamp-out-bias-algorithms-used-companies-n993186,last visited on 2020/6/2
    50.Jeffrey Dastin, U.S. lawmakers propose bill to fight bias in tech companies` algorithms, Reuters, 2019/4/11 reported, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-regulation-algorithms/u-s-lawmakers-propose-bill-to-fight-bias-in-tech-companies-algorithms-idUSKCN1RM2WJ?feedType=RSS&feedName=technologyNews,last visited on 2020/6/2.
    51.Jeffrey Dastin,Amazon scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed bias against women,Reuters,2018/10/10 reported, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-jobs-automation-insight/amazon-scraps-secret-ai-recruiting-tool-that-showed-bias-against-women-idUSKCN1MK08G,last visited on 2020/6/1
    52.Katie Paul, Akanksha Rana,U.S. charges Facebook with racial discrimination in targeted housing ads,Reuters, 2019/3/28 reported, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-advertisers/hud-charges-facebook-with-housing-discrimination-in-targeted-ads-on-its-platform-idUSKCN1R91E8,last visited on 2020/6/2
    53.H. R. 4368 Justice in Forensic Algorithms Act of 2019,https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/4368,last visited on 2020/6/3
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    55.Directive 95/46/EC,https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A31995L0046,last visited on 2020/06/14
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    57.Data Privacy:Are You Concerned? Insights from a survey of US consumers https://www.sas.com/content/dam/SAS/documents/marketing-whitepapers-ebooks/sas-whitepapers/en/data-privacy-110027.pdf.
    58.ICO,DATA PROTECTION ACT UNDERTAKING--Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust,2017/3/7, https://ico.org.uk/media/action-weve-taken/undertakings/2014352/royal-free-undertaking-03072017.pdf,last visited on 2020/7/19.
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    60.European Commission,Policy and investment recommendations for trustworthy Artificial Intelligence,https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/policy-and-investment-recommendations-trustworthy-artificial-intelligence.
    61.WHITE PAPER On Artificial Intelligence - A European approach to excellence and trust,P.3,https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pdf,last visited on 2020/7/5.
    62.Presidency of the Council: "Compromise text. Several partial general approaches have been instrumental in converging views in Council on the proposal for a General Data Protection Regulation in its entirety. The text on the Regulation which the Presidency submits for approval as a General Approach appears in annex," 201 pages, 11 June 2015, PDF, http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-9565-2015-INIT/en/pdf,last visited on 2020/7/2.
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    65.Synthea Amatus related news http://tadviser.com/index.php/Company:Synthea_Amatus#.2A_2018:_Creation_of_the_sex_dolls_refusing_proximity,last visited on 2020/4/22.
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    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    法學院碩士在職專班
    104961021
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104961021
    Data Type: thesis
    DOI: 10.6814/NCCU202001583
    Appears in Collections:[法學院碩士在職專班] 學位論文

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