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    Title: 論景觀於空間計畫法之實踐與法制設計
    Practice and Legal Design of Landscape in Spatial Planning Law
    Authors: 廖昶鈞
    Liao, Chang-Jun
    Contributors: 傅玲靜
    Fu, Ling-Ching
    廖昶鈞
    Liao, Chang-Jun
    Keywords: 景觀
    歐洲景觀公約
    景觀規劃
    景觀與空間規劃之關聯
    美國土地利用法
    都市設計
    景觀法草案
    都市計畫法
    區域計畫法
    國土計畫法
    Landscape
    European Landscape Convention
    Landscape Planning
    The relationship between Landscape and Spatial Planning
    USA Land Use Law
    Urban Design
    Draft Landscape Act
    Urban Planning Law
    Regional Plan Act
    Spatial Planning Act
    Date: 2020
    Issue Date: 2020-09-02 12:20:15 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 景觀是一個跨領域的概念，其並非單純涉及主觀的審美，而係屬於人類與自然相互作用的結果，其具有歷史、文化、健康、經濟及自然等功能。然而近年來隨著工業化及都市化的發展，世界各國之景觀逐漸喪失其多樣性及獨特性，臺灣亦不例外，多年來臺灣的城鄉風格遭受許多批評，許多地方之景觀破敗，使居民對於當地喪失認同感，甚至影響我國的國際形象。

    許多國家開始思考應如何藉由法律制度改善其國土景觀，最具代表性者為歐洲景觀公約，本文針對其主要內容介紹，分析歐洲景觀公約之制度精神，以及對於景觀所提出之創新概念，並著重於其將景觀融入空間規劃之規定進行深入探討。相較於歐洲景觀公約，美國之土地利用法制則未強調景觀之概念，但其藉由都市設計制度對於都市之三度空間進行規劃，以達到景觀之實踐。因此本文希望透過比較歐盟及美國之法制，分析景觀之意涵，及其於空間計畫法中扮演之角色，以指出我國制度不足之處。

    最後，本文藉由歐洲景觀公約及美國法制觀察，發現我國景觀法草案本身具有諸多問題，現行之都市計畫法、區域計畫法及國土計畫法對於景觀之規範密度十分不足。為了促進景觀於我國空間計畫法之實踐，對於現行法制之修正應為較為妥適之方法，應於都市計畫法之主要計畫及細部計畫制定景觀及都市設計之內容，並於國土計畫法中納入國土設計之規定，以完善我國景觀之法制。
    Landscape is a interdisciplinary concept, which does not merely involve subjective aesthetics, but is the result of the action and interaction of humans and nature factors. It has many functions, such as history, culture, health, economy and nature. However, with the development of industrialization and urbanization in recent years, the landscapes of many countries in the world have gradually lost their diversity and uniqueness. Taiwan is no exception. The urban and rural style of Taiwan has received many criticisms over the years. The landscapes in many places have been ruined. It results to the loss of identity of local residents and influence on our international image.

    Many countries have begun to reflect on how to improve their landscape by legal system. The most representative law is European Landscape Convention. This thesis will introduce the main content of European Landscape Convention, analyze its legal spirit and innovative concepts. This thesis will also focus on the rule which integrates landscape into its regional and town planning policies in European Landscape Convention. Compared with the European Landscape Convention, USA Land Use Law does not emphasize the concept of landscape, but it plans the three-dimensional space of cities to practice landscape by urban design. Therefore, this thesis will analyze the meaning of the landscape and its role in the spatial planning by European Landscape Convention and USA Land Use Law to point out the defects of Taiwan’s legal system.

    Finally, by the observation of European Landscape Convention and USA Land Use Law, this thesis finds out that Taiwan’s Draft Landscape Act has many defects. Besides, there are many inadequacies of landscape regulations in Urban Planning Law, Regional Plan Act and Spatial Planning Act. In order to promote the practice of landscape in Taiwan’s Spatial Planning Law, it should be more appropriate that amends the current legal system. The contents of landscape and urban design should be regulated in Master plan and Detail plan in Urban Planning Law. In addition, the content of spatial design should be incorporated to Spatial Planning Act.
    Reference: 一、中文文獻
    （一）書籍
    林欽榮，都市設計在臺灣，初版，創興，1995年2月。
    郭瓊瑩，人與地 臺灣景觀變遷與調適（下），初版，詹氏，2019年6月。
    陳明竺，都市設計，初版，創興，1992年11月。
    陳明燦，土地利用計畫法導論，3版，自版，2018年9月。
    曾華璧，戰後臺灣環境史—從毒油到國家公園，初版，五南，2011年2月。
    歐陽嶠暉，都市環境學，初版，詹氏，2001年8月。
    蕭炳欽，城市空間藝術，初版，國立台灣藝術教育館，2003年9月。
    韓乾，城鄉規劃讓生活更美好—實踐篇，初版，五南，2019年9月。
    （二）專書論文
    林明鏘，非都市土地使用管制法制之研究—兼評大法官釋字第532號解釋，國土計畫法學研究，元照，2018年3月，頁385-415。
    傅玲靜，空間總體及部門計畫法制中之計畫形成自由及其界限，行政訴訟制度相關論文彙編第9輯，司法院，2019年12月，頁217-256。
    賴宇松，日本景觀保護法制初探，義薄雲天・誠貫金石：論權利保護之理論與實踐：曾華松大法官古稀祝壽論文集，元照，2006年6月，頁315-337。
    （三）期刊論文
    王珍玲，景觀法草案之研究分析，戶外遊憩研究，31卷2期，2018年6月，頁51-74。
    王鑫，景觀保護的重要性－價值與功能，地景保育通訊，2期，1995年6月，頁1-4。
    李得全、謝一鋒，臺灣都市計畫實施的問題與對策，都市與計劃，46卷2期，2019年6月，頁119-146。
    林明鏘，評國土計畫法，月旦法學雜誌，265期，2017年6月，頁95-109。
    林明鏘，臺灣都市計畫法總體檢，月旦法學雜誌，233期，2014年9月，頁173-196。
    林英彥，日本景觀法簡介，土地問題研究季刊，33期，2010年3月，頁22-34。
    張瑞雲，淺談我國景觀法草案—以日本景觀法制度為借鏡，土地問題研究季刊，40期，2011年11月，頁137-154。
    郭瓊瑩，都市可以被「設計」嗎？論「都市設計」政策與都市發展間之矛盾與蛻變，臺灣建築學會會刊雜誌，66期， 2012年4月，頁11-23。
    傅玲靜，都市計畫之計畫形成自由及其司法審查密度—以德國法制為觀察比較之對象，星大法學，27期，2020年5月，頁1-60。
    曾梓峰、陳子文，景觀計畫於國土空間規劃所扮演之角色，都市與計劃，34卷3期，2007年9月，頁219-240。
    賀士麃，台北市都市設計制度之研究，南亞學報，25期，2005年12月，頁31-44。
    楊智傑，論地方政府之景觀管制權，月旦法學雜誌，220期，2013年8月，頁97-123。
    戴秀雄，非都市土地開發許可之性質與作用，台灣法學雜誌，305期，2016年10月，頁25-30。
    戴秀雄，淺談都市計畫的幾個特性及其衍生的疑問，全國律師，16卷11期，2012年12月，頁10-21。
    鍾麗娜、鄭明安，大哉問—國土計畫法上路後國土就能「安」嗎？，土地問題研究季刊，58期，2017年6月，頁37-51。
    （四）學位論文
    吳政聰，從法的觀點探討台灣都市設計，國立政治大學法律學系碩士班學士後法學組碩士論文，2005年。
    呂岳桐，臺灣城市空間景觀管理於都市計畫土地使用管制的困境與出路-以臺東縣景觀綱要計畫案為例，國立高雄大學創意設計與建築學系碩士論文，2018年。
    李岱輿，都市設計準則制定程序與工具之研究—以高雄車站都市設計為例，國立高雄大學創意設計與建築學系碩士論文，2016年。
    林玄宜，景觀計畫架構體系與操作方法之研究-以宜蘭縣政中心地區為例，國立臺北科技大學建築與都市設計研究所碩士論文，2005年。
    林伯釗，景觀綱要計畫執行機制之研究，中國文化大學景觀學研究所碩士論文，2006年。
    張舒婷，日本都市景觀保護法制之研究-兼論我國景觀法草案，國立政治大學地政學系私立中國地政研究所碩士論文，2008年。
    蕭智夫，都市設計建築量體管制原則之研究—以新市區建設地區為例，國立成功大學建築研究所碩士論文，2005年。

    二、英文文獻
    （一）書籍
    Antrop, Marc, and Veerle Van Eetvelde, Landscape Perspectives: The Holistic Nature of Landscape (2017).
    Cullingworth, Barry, and Roger W. Caves, Planning In The USA--Policies, Issues, And Processes (4th ed. 2014).
    Cutaia, Fabio, Strategic Environmental Assessment: Integrating Landscape and Urban Planning (2016).
    Dobbins, Michael, Urban Design and People (2009).
    Gitelman, Morton, John R. Nolon, Patricia E. Salkin, and Robert R. Wright, Land Use Cases and Materials (6th ed. 2004).
    Golobič, Mojca, and Lidija Breskvar Žaucer, Landscape Planning and Vulnerability Assessment in the Mediterranean (2010).
    Higgins, Sarah, An exploration of the European landscape convention as a guiding framework for multi-scalar landscape governance in the territories of Catalonia (Spain) and the Republic of Ireland (2016).
    Juergensmeyera, Julian Conrad, and Thomas E. Roberts, Land Use Planning and Development Regulation Law (2003).
    Lang, Jon, Urban Design:A Typology of Procedures and Products—Illustrated with Over 50 Case Studies (2005).
    La Riccia, Luigi, Landscape Planning at The Local Level (2017).
    Mandelker, Daniel R., Julie A. Tappendorf, Carol N. Brown, Stuart Meck, Dwight H. Merriam, Peter W. Salsich, and Nancy E. Stroud, Planning and Control of Land Development: Cases And Materials (9th ed. 2016).
    Nolon, John R., and Patricia E. Salkin, Land Use and Sustainable Development Law : Cases and Materials (8th ed. 2012).
    Selman, Paul, Planning at the Landscape Scale (2006).
    Steiner, Frederick, The Living Landscape--An Ecological Approach to Landscape Planning (2008).
    Strecker, Amy, Landscape Protection in International Law (2018).
    Wood, Christopher S., Albrecht Altdorfer and the Origins of Landscape (2014).
    （二）專書論文
    Antrop, Marc, A Brief History of Landscape Research, in The Routledge Companion to Landscape Studies, 1-35 (Peter Howard, Ian Thompson, Emma Waterton and Mick Atha eds., 2019).
    Barsch, H., O. Bastian, C. Beierkuhnlein, A. Bosshard, J. Breuste, F. Klötzli, K. Ott, B. Tress and G. Tress, and U. Weiland, Application of landscape ecology, in Development and Perspectives of Landscape Ecology, 307-432, (Olaf Bastian And Uta Steinhardt eds., 2002).
    Bruns, Diedrich, Landscape, towns and peri-urban and suburban areas, in Landscape facets--Reflections and proposals for the implementation of the European Landscape Convention, 9-52, (Council of Europe eds., 2012).
    Bruun, Magne, How and why was the European Landscape Convention conceived?, in Mainstreaming Landscape Through The European Landscape Convention, 5-12, (Karsten Jørgensen, Morten Clemetsen, Kine Halvorsen Thorén and Tim Richardson eds., 2016).
    De Montmollin, Bertrand, Landscape and innovative tools, in Landscape and Sustainable Development: Challenges of The European Landscape Convention, 83-96, (2006).
    Egoz, Shelley, The right to landscape and the argument for the significance of implementation of the European Landscape Convention, in Mainstreaming Landscape Through The European Landscape Convention, 111-118, (Karsten Jørgensen, Morten Clemetsen, Kine Halvorsen Thorén and Tim Richardson eds., 2016).
    Elorrieta, Berezi, and Dolores Sánchez-Aguilera, Landscape Regulation in Regional Territorial Planning: A View from Spain, in The European Landscape Convention: Challenges of Participation, 99-120, (Michael Jones and Marie Stenseke eds., 2011).
    Jones, Michael, and Marie Stenseke, The Issue of Public Participation in the European Landscape Convention, in The European Landscape Convention: Challenges of Participation, 1-23, (Michael Jones and Marie Stenseke eds., 2011).
    Kidd, Sue, Landscape planning: Reflections on the past, directions for the future, in The Routledge Companion To Landscape Studies, 534-551 (Peter Howard, Ian Thompson, Emma Waterton and Mick Atha eds., 2019).
    Luginbühl, Yves, Landscape and individual and social well-being, in Landscape and Sustainable Development: Challenges of The European Landscape Convention, 31-51, (2006).
    Naranjo, Florencio Zoido, Landscape and spatial planning policies, in Landscape and Sustainable Development: Challenges of The European Landscape Convention, 55-79, (2006).
    Phillips, Adrian, Practical Considerations for the Implementation of a European Landscape Convention, in Landscape Conservation Law, Present Trends and Perspectives in International and Comparative Law, 17-25, (2000).
    Prieur, Michel, Landscape and social, economic, cultural and ecological approaches, in Landscape and Sustainable Development: Challenges of The European Landscape Convention, 11-28, (2006).
    Prieur, Michel, The Integration of Landscape into Land Use Planning Policy in Relation to the New European Landscape Convention, in Land Use Law for Sustainable Development, 71-88, (Nathalie J. Chalifour, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Lin Heng Lye and John R. Nolon eds., 2006).
    Priore, Riccardo, Landscapes of Identity: The European Landscape Convention in the Construction of a European Identity, in Landscape As Heritage: Negotiating European Cultural Identity, 17-26, (Monica Sassatelli ed., 2006).
    Sassatelli, Monica, Concluding Remarks, in Landscape as Heritage: Negotiating European Cultural Identity, 45-50, (Monica Sassatelli ed., 2006).
    （三）期刊論文
    Antrop, Marc, Sustainable landscapes: contradiction, fiction or utopia?, Landscape and Urban Planning 75, 187-197 (2006).
    Antrop, Marc, Why landscapes of the past are important for the future, 70 Landscape and Urban Planning 1-2, 21-34 (2005).
    De Groot, Rudolf, Function-analysis and valuation as a tool to assess land use conflicts in planning for sustainable, multi-functional landscapes, 75 Landscape and Urban Planning 3-4, 175-186 (2006).
    De ́jeant-Pons, Maguelonne, The European Landscape Convention, 31 Landscape Research 4, 363-384(2006).
    De Montis, Andrea, Impacts of the European Landscape Convention on national planning systems: A comparative investigation of six case studies, 124 Landscape and Urban Planning, 53-65 (2014).
    Dinić, Milena, and Petar Mitković, planning regulations in the usa and their implications on urban design in the central city zone, 9 Architecture and Civil Engineering 2, 289-299 (2011).
    Haws, Janet Elizabeth, Architecture As Art? Not in My Neocolonial Neighborhood: A Case for Providing First Amendment Protection to Expressive Residential Architecture, 2005 Brigham Young University Law Review 1625, 1625-68 (2005).
    Jones, Michael, Peter Howard, Kenneth R. Olwig, J⊘rgen Primdahl and Ingrid Sarlöv Herlin, Multiple interfaces of the European Landscape Convention, Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift-Norwegian Journal of Geography 61, 207-216 (2007).
    Jones, Michael, The elusive reality of landscape. Concepts and approaches in landscape research, 45 Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 4, 229-244 (1991).
    Nohl, Werner, Sustainable landscape use and aesthetic perception–preliminary reflections on future landscape aesthetics, 54 Landscape and Urban Planning 1-4, 223-237 (2001).
    Olwig, Kenneth R., Recovering the Substantive Nature of Landscape, 86 Annals of the Association of American Geographers 4, 630-653 (1996).
    Olwig, Kenneth R., The practice of landscape ‘Conventions’ and the just landscape: The case of the European landscape convention, 32 Landscape Research 5, 579-594 (2007).
    Plieninger, Tobias, Thanasis Kizos, Claudia Bieling, Laurence Le Dû-Blayo, Marie Alice Budniok, Matthias Bürgi, Carole L. Crumley, Geneviève Girod, Pip Howard, Jan Kolen, Tobias Kuemmerle, Grega Milcinski, Hannes Palang, Kathrin Trommler, and Peter H. Verburg, Exploring ecosystem-change and society through a landscape lens: recent progress in European landscape research, 20 Ecology and Society 2, 1-10 (2015).
    Rice, Shawn G., Zoning Law: Architectural Appearance Ordinances and the First Amendment, 76 Marquette Law Review, 439-467 (1993).
    Senetra, Adam, Monika Wasilewicz-Pszczółkowska, and Elżbieta Grzelak-Kostulska, The European Landscape Convention as a Tool for the Protection, Management and Planning of Landscapes, 13 Barometr Regionalny 3, 81-88 (2015).
    Stephenson, Janet, The Cultural Values Model: An integrated approach to values in landscapes, 84 Landscape and Urban Planning 2, 127-139 (2008).
    Termorshuizen, Jolande W, and Paul Opdam, Landscape services as a bridge between landscape ecology and sustainable development, Landscape Ecology 24, 1037–1052 (2009).
    Thompson, Catharine Ward, Linking landscape and health: The recurring theme, 99 Landscape and Urban Planning 3-4, 187-195 (2011).
    （四）網路資料
    Council of Europe, Explanatory Report to the European Landscape Convention, https://rm.coe.int/16800cce47 (last visited August 20, 2020).
    Council of Europe, Recommendation CM/Rec(2008)3 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the guidelines for the implementation of the European Landscape Convention, https://rm.coe.int/16802f80c9 (last visited August 20, 2020).
    UNESCO, The Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, https://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines (last visited August 20, 2020).
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    法律學系
    105651045
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0105651045
    Data Type: thesis
    DOI: 10.6814/NCCU202001599
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Law] Theses

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