Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/131132
|
Title: | 失信的社群媒體 : 探討臉書新聞內容的敵意媒體感知 In social media we distrust: Investigating hostile media perception of Facebook news content |
Authors: | 莫荷嘉 Csarno, Helga Gabriella |
Contributors: | 韓義興 Yi-Hsing (Paul) Han 莫荷嘉 Csarno, Helga Gabriella |
Keywords: | Social media Media trust Media credibility Hostile media effect Journalistic roles United States Iran |
Date: | 2020 |
Issue Date: | 2020-08-03 18:02:12 (UTC+8) |
Abstract: | The majority of internet users today find their news on social media (Gil de Zúñiga et al., 2017), however, media trust, and especially trust in social media is low. (Edelman, 2019) In growing political polarization the effects of perceived media hostility are also gaining more importance. In this research readers of international news were surveyed in an online experiment to assess how issue involvement on the 2020 military conflict between the United States and Iran correlates with general trust in the media and with the credibility of the largest social media network, Facebook, as a news source. The current research investigated whether the hostile media effect still occurs in a purely social media context and results showed that partisans (those with a strong supporting or opposing opinion on the military conflict) perceive news content on Facebook as hostile along the same lines as they do in a traditional media context. This study also made an attempt to understand how content creation is related to bias perception, namely, what segments of social news content and which mainstream journalistic role contribute to perceived bias. This study fills the literature gap of the hostile media effect in a social media context. Findings may also have implications for the news industry as to how journalist roles and content segments influence audience perceptions. |
Reference: | Abdulla, R. A., Garrison, B., Salwen, M. B., Driscoll, P. D., & Casey, D. (2004). Online news credibility. In M. B. Salwen, B. Garrison, & P. D. Driscoll (Eds.), Online news and the public (pp. 147–163). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Ariyanto, A., Hornsey, M. J., & Gallois, C. (2007). Group Allegiances and Perceptions of Media Bias. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 10(2), 266–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430207074733 Arpan, L. M., & Raney, A. A. (2003). An Experimental Investigation of News Source and the Hostile Media Effect. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 80(2), 265–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900308000203 Babbie, E. R. (2016). The Basics of Social Research. Cengage Learning. Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. A. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130–1132. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1160 Barnidge, M., & Rojas, H. (2014). Hostile Media Perceptions, Presumed Media Influence, and Political Talk: Expanding the Corrective Action Hypothesis. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 26(2), 135–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edt032 Berlo, D. K., Lemert, J. B., & Mertz, R. J. (1969). Dimensions for Evaluating the Acceptability of Message Sources. 33(4), 563–576. https://doi.org/10.1086/267745 Bolano, A. (2018). Exposure To Opposing Political Opinions Online Can Increase Political Polarization. SciTrends. https://doi.org/10.31988/scitrends.29419 Bolsen, T., Druckman, J. N., & Cook, F. L. (2014). The Influence of Partisan Motivated Reasoning on Public Opinion. Polit Behav, 36(2), 235–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-013-9238-0 Bruns, A. (2008). Blogs, Wikipedia, Second life, and Beyond. Peter Lang. Cáceres, I. B. (2019, June). Advocacy Journalism. Oxford Research Encyclopedia Of Communication. https://oxfordre.com/communication/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-776 Charles, M. (2019). Advocacy Journalism. In T. P. Vos, F. Hanusch, D. Dimitrakopoulou, M. Geertsema-Sligh, & A. Sehl (Eds.), The International Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies. John Wiley & Sons. Choi, J. H., Watt, J. H., & Lynch, M. (2006). Perceptions of News Credibility about the War in Iraq: Why War Opponents Perceived the Internet as the Most Credible Medium. J Comp Mediated Comm, 12(1), 209–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00322.x Choi, J., Yang, M., & Chang, J. J. (2009). Elaboration of the Hostile Media Phenomenon. Communication Research, 36(1), 54–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650208326462 Christen, C. T., Kannaovakun, P., & Gunther, A. C. (2002). Hostile Media Perceptions: Partisan Assessments of Press and Public during the 1997 United Parcel Service Strike. Political Communication, 19(4), 423–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600290109988 Christensen, C. (2018). Journalists on social media: Politics, privacy, personal branding. Popular Communication, 16(4), 245–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2018.1548019 Clement, J. (2020a). Global Social Media Ranking 2019. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/ Clement, J. (2020b, January 26). Global Time Spent On Social Media Daily 2018. Statista . https://www.statista.com/statistics/433871/daily-social-media-usage-worldwide/ Costera Meijer, I. (2007). The paradox of popularity. Journalism Studies , 8(1), 96–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700601056874 Crowley, M., Eric, H., & Schmitt, E. (2020, January 2). U.S. Strike In Iraq Kills Qassim Suleimani, Commander Of Iranian Forces. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/02/world/middleeast/qassem-soleimani-iraq-iran-attack.html Daniller, A., Allen, D., Tallevi, A., & Mutz, D. C. (2017). Measuring Trust in the Press in a Changing Media Environment. Communication Methods and Measures, 11(1), 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2016.1271113 Davison, W. P. (1983). The Third-Person Effect in Communication. Public Opinion Quarterly, 47(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1086/268763 Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism? Journalism, 6(4), 442–464. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884905056815 Deuze, M., & Witschge, T. (2018). Beyond journalism: Theorizing the transformation of journalism. Journalism, 19(2), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916688550 Duck, J. M., Terry, D. J., & Hogg, M. A. (1998). Perceptions of a Media Campaign: The Role of Social Identity and the Changing Intergroup Context. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 24(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167298241001 Edelman. (2019). 2019 Edelman Trust Barometer. https://www.edelman.com/sites/g/files/aatuss191/files/2019-02/2019_Edelman_Trust_Barometer_Global_Report.pdf Facebook. (2019). How Facebook’s Fact-Checking Program Works. How Facebook’s Fact-Checking Program Works . https://www.facebook.com/journalismproject/programs/third-party-fact-checking/how-it-works Fawzi, N. (2019). Untrustworthy News and the Media as “Enemy of the People?” How a Populist Worldview Shapes Recipients’ Attitudes toward the Media. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 24(2), 146–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218811981 Feldman, L. (2011). Partisan Differences in Opinionated News Perceptions: A Test of the Hostile Media Effect. Polit Behav, 33(3), 407–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-010-9139-4 Feldman, L. (2017). The Hostile Media Effect. In K. Kenski & K. H. Jamieson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication. https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199793471-e-011 Feldman, L., Hart, P. S., Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., & Roser-Renouf, C. (2017). Do Hostile Media Perceptions Lead to Action? The Role of Hostile Media Perceptions, Political Efficacy, and Ideology in Predicting Climate Change Activism. Communication Research, 44(8), 1099–1124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650214565914 Fisher, C. (2016). The advocacy continuum: Towards a theory of advocacy in journalism. Journalism, 17(6), 711–726. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884915582311 Flanagin, A. J., & Metzger, M. J. (2000). Perceptions of Internet Information Credibility. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(3), 515–540. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900007700304 Fletcher, R., & Park, S. (2017). The Impact of Trust in the News Media on Online News Consumption and Participation. Digital Journalism, 5(10), 1281–1299. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1279979 Gallup. (2019). Media Use and Evaluation. https://news.gallup.com/poll/1663/media-use-evaluation.aspx Gaziano, C. (1988). How Credible is the Credibility Crisis? Journalism Quarterly, 65(2), 267–278. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769908806500202 Gaziano, C., & McGrath, K. (1986). Measuring the Concept of Credibility. Journalism Quarterly, 63(3), 451–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769908606300301 Gibbon, P., & Durkin, K. (1995). The third person effect: Social distance and perceived media bias. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol., 25(5), 597–602. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420250509 Gil de Zúñiga, H., Weeks, B., & Ardèvol-Abreu, A. (2017). Effects of the News-Finds-Me Perception in Communication: Social Media Use Implications for News Seeking and Learning About Politics. J Comput-Mediat Comm, 22(3), 105–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12185 Giner-Sorolla, R., & Chaiken, S. (1994). The Causes of Hostile Media Judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 30(2), 165–180. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1994.1008 Glynn, C. J., & Noelle-Neumann, E. (1986). The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion-Our Social Skin. Social Forces , 64(3), 828–829. https://doi.org/10.2307/2578842 Golan, G. J. (2010). New Perspectives on Media Credibility Research. American Behavioral Scientist, 54(1), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764210376307 Guggenheim, L., Kwak, N., & Campbell, S. W. (2011). Nontraditional News Negativity: The Relationship of Entertaining Political News Use to Political Cynicism and Mistrust. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 23(3), 287–314. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr015 Gunther, A. C. (1992). Biased Press or Biased Public? Attitudes Toward Media Coverage of Social Groups. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 56(2), 147–167. https://doi.org/10.1086/269308 Gunther, A. C. (1998). The Persuasive Press Inference. Communication Research , 25(5), 486–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365098025005002 Gunther, A. C., & Chia, S. C.-Y. (2001). Predicting Pluralistic Ignorance: The Hostile Media Perception and its Consequences. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 78(4), 688–701. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900107800405 Gunther, A. C., & Christen, C. T. (2002). Projection or Persuasive Press? Contrary Effects of Personal Opinion and Perceived News Coverage on Estimates of Public Opinion. Journal of Communication, 52(1), 177–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2002.tb02538.x Gunther, A. C., Christen, C. T., Liebhart, J. L., & Chia, S. C.-Y. (2001). Congenial Public, Contrary Press, and Biased Estimates of the Climate of Opinion. Public Opinion Quarterly, 65(3), 295–320. https://doi.org/10.1086/322846 Gunther, A. C., & Liebhart, J. L. (2006). Broad Reach or Biased Source? Decomposing the Hostile Media Effect. Journal of Communication, 56(3), 449–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00295.x Gunther, A. C., Miller, N., & Liebhart, J. L. (2009). Assimilation and Contrast in a Test of the Hostile Media Effect. Communication Research, 36(6), 747–764. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650209346804 Gunther, A. C., & Schmitt, K. (2004). Mapping Boundaries of the Hostile Media Effect. Journal of Communication, 54(1), 55–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02613.x Hanitzsch, T., & Vos, T. P. (2018). Journalism beyond democracy: A new look into journalistic roles in political and everyday life. Journalism, 19(2), 146–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916673386 Hansen, G. J., & Kim, H. (2011). Is the Media Biased Against Me? A Meta-Analysis of the Hostile Media Effect Research. Communication Research Reports, 28(2), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2011.565280 Hardee, G. M. (2016). Immersive Journalism in VR: Four Theoretical Domains for Researching a Narrative Design Framework. Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality, 679–690. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39907-2_65 Hartmann, T., & Tanis, M. (2013). Examining the Hostile Media Effect as an Intergroup Phenomenon: The Role of Ingroup Identification and Status. Journal of Communication, 63(3), 535–555. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12031 Hedman, U., & Djerf-Pierre, M. (2013). The social journalist. Digital Journalism, 1(3), 368–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2013.776804 Hovland, C. I., & Weiss, W. (1951). The influence of source credibility on communication effectiveness. Public Opinion Quarterly, 15(4), 635–650. https://doi.org/10.1086/266350 Huge, M., & Glynn, C. J. (2010). Hostile Media and the Campaign Trail: Perceived Media Bias in the Race for Governor. Journal of Communication, 60(1), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01473.x Ipsos. (2019). Ipsos Global Advisor: Trust in the Media. https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2019-06/global-advisor-trust-in-media-2019.pdf Janowitz, M. (1975). Professional models in Journalism: the gatekeeper and the advocate. Journalism quarterly, 52(4), 618-626. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769907505200402 Johnson, B. T., & Eagly, A. H. (1990). Involvement and persuasion: Types, traditions, and the evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 107(3), 375–384. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.3.375 Kalogeropoulos, A., & Newman, N. (2017). “I Saw The News On Facebook” – Brand Attribution From Distributed Environments. Digital News Report . http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/publications/2017/i-saw-news-facebook-brand-attribution-distributed-environments/ Karlsson, M. (2010). Rituals of transparency. Journalism Studies , 11(4), 535–545. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616701003638400 Kim, Y. (2011). The contribution of social network sites to exposure to political difference: The relationships among SNSs, online political messaging, and exposure to cross-cutting perspectives. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 971–977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.12.001 Kim, Y., Hsu, S.-H., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2013). Influence of social media use on discussion network heterogeneity and civic engagement: The moderating role of personality traits. Journal of Communication, 63(3), 498–516. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12034 Kiousis, S. (2001). Public Trust or Mistrust? Perceptions of Media Credibility in the Information Age. Mass Communication and Society, 4(4), 381–403. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327825mcs0404_4 Klinger, U., & Svensson, J. (2015). The emergence of network media logic in political communication: A theoretical approach. New Media & Society, 17(8), 1241–1257. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814522952 Kohring, M., & Matthes, J. (2007). Trust in News Media. Communication Research, 34(2), 231–252. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650206298071 Ladd, J. M., & Podkul, A. R. (2019). Sowing Distrust of the News Media as an Electoral Strategy. In E. Suhay, B. Grofman, & A. Trechsel (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Persuasion. Oxford University Press. Lasorsa, D. L., Lewis, S. C., & Holton, A. E. (2012). Normalizing Twitter. Journalism Studies, 13(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2011.571825 Lee, T.-T. (2005). The liberal media myth revisited: An examination of factors influencing perceptions of media bias. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 49(1), 43–64. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4901_4 Lee, T.-T. (2010). Why they don’t trust the media: An examination of factors predicting trust. American Behavioral Scientist, 54(1), 8–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764210376308 Lima Quintanilha, T., Torres da Silva, M., & Lapa, T. (n.d.). Fake news and its impact on trust in the news. Using the Portuguese case to establish lines of differentiation. Communication & Society, 32(3), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.32.3.17-33 Lin, Y.-R., Bagrow, J. P., & Lazer, D. (2011). More Voices Than Ever? Quantifying Media Bias in Networks. Fifth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, 193–200. https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM11/paper/view/2851/3273 Matthes, J. (2013). The affective underpinnings of Hostile Media Perceptions. Communication Research, 40(3), 360–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211420255 Mourão, R. R., Thorson, E., Chen, W., & Tham, S. M. (2018). Media repertoires and news trust during the early Trump Administration. Journalism Studies, 19(13), 1945–1956. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2018.1500492 Mull, I. R., & Lee, S.-E. (2014). “Pin”pointing the Motivational Dimensions behind Pinterest. https://doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-661 Nah, S., & Chung, D. S. (2012). When citizens meet both professional and citizen journalists: Social trust, media credibility, and perceived journalistic roles among online community news readers. Journalism, 13(6), 714–730. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884911431381 Neubaum, G., & Krämer, N. C. (2017). Monitoring the Opinion of the Crowd: Psychological Mechanisms Underlying Public Opinion Perceptions on Social Media. Media Psychology, 20(3), 502–531. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2016.1211539 Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., & Nielsen, R. K. (2019). Reuters Digital News Report 2019. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Nixon, B. (2017). The business of news in the attention economy: Audience labor and MediaNews Group’s efforts to capitalize on news consumption. Journalism , 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917719145 Oeldorf-Hirsch, A. (2018). The Role of Engagement in Learning From Active and Incidental News Exposure on Social Media. Mass Communication and Society, 21(2), 225–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2017.1384022 Perloff, R. M. (2018). A Three-Decade Retrospective on the Hostile Media Effect. 196–224. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315164441-12 Perrin, A., & Anderson, M. (2019). Share of U.S. adults using social media, including Facebook, is mostly unchanged since 2018. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/10/share-of-u-s-adults-using-social-media-including-facebook-is-mostly-unchanged-since-2018/ Pjesivac, I., Spasovska, K., & Imre, I. (2016). The Truth Between the Lines: Conceptualization of Trust in News Media in Serbia, Macedonia, and Croatia. Mass Communication and Society, 19(3), 323–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2015.1128548 Poushter, J. (2018, January 6). Many In Other Countries Follow News About US Closely. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/01/16/many-people-in-other-countries-closely-follow-news-about-the-u-s/ Prochazka, F., & Schweiger, W. (2019). How to Measure Generalized Trust in News Media? An Adaptation and Test of Scales. Communication Methods and Measures, 13(1), 26–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2018.1506021 Reid, S. A. (2012). A Self-Categorization Explanation for the Hostile Media Effect. 62(3), 381–399. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01647.x Rouner, D. (2008). Credibility of Content. In W. Donsbach (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Communication. John Wiley & Sons. Saez-Trumper, D., Castillo, C., & Lalmas, M. (2013). Social media news communities. 1679–1684. https://doi.org/10.1145/2505515.2505623 Schaeffer, K. (2020, March 4). Far More Americans See ‘very Strong’ Partisan Conflicts Now Than In The Last Two Presidential Election Years. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/03/04/far-more-americans-see-very-strong-partisan-conflicts-now-than-in-the-last-two-presidential-election-years/ Schmierbach, M., & Oeldorf-Hirsch, A. (2012). A Little Bird Told Me, So I Didn’t Believe It: Twitter, Credibility, and Issue Perceptions. Communication Quarterly, 60(3), 317–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2012.688723 Schmitt, K. M., Gunther, A. C., & Liebhart, J. L. (2004). Why Partisans See Mass Media as Biased. Communication Research, 31(6), 623–641. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650204269390 Schudson, M. (2001). The objectivity norm in American journalism*. Journalism, 2(2), 149–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/146488490100200201 Shearer, E., & Matsa, K. E. (2018). News Use Across Social Media Platforms 2018. Pew Research Center’s Journalism Project. https://www.journalism.org/2018/09/10/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2018/ Shin, J., & Thorson, K. (2017). Partisan Selective Sharing: The Biased Diffusion of Fact-Checking Messages on Social Media. J Commun, 67(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12284 Singer, J. B. (2005). The political j-blogger. Journalism, 6(2), 173–198. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884905051009 Stenvall, M. (2008). On emotions and the journalistic ideals of factuality and objectivity—Tools for analysis. Journal of Pragmatics, 40(9), 1569–1586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.04.017 Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004). The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior. 276–293. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203505984-16 The New York Times. (2020, January 3). Trump Orders Strike Killing Top Iranian General Qassim Suleimani in Baghdad. https://web.archive.org/web/20200210154757/https://www.facebook.com/nytimes/posts/10152140127984999 Thorson, K., & Wells, C. (2016). Curated Flows: A Framework for Mapping Media Exposure in the Digital Age. Commun Theor, 26(3), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12087 Tsfati, Y. (2007). Hostile Media Perceptions, Presumed Media Influence, and Minority Alienation: The Case of Arabs in Israel. 57(4), 632–651. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00361.x Tsfati, Y., & Cohen, J. (2005). Democratic Consequences of Hostile Media Perceptions. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 10(4), 28–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180x05280776 Tsfati, Y., & Cohen, J. (2012). Perceptions of Media and Media Effects: The Third Person Effect, Trust in Media and Hostile Media Perceptions. In A. N. Valdivia (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Media Studies. Wiley-Blackwell. Tsfati, Y., Meyers, O., & Peri, Y. (2006). What is good journalism? comparing Israeli public and journalists’ perspectives. Journalism, 7(2), 152–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884906062603 Uslaner, E. M. (2011). Measuring Generalized Trust: In Defense of the ‘Standard’ Question. In Handbook of Research Methods on Trust. Edward Elgar Publishing. Vallone, R. P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1985). The hostile media phenomenon: Biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 49(3), 577–585. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.577 van der Wurff, R., & Schoenbach, K. (2014). Civic and Citizen Demands of News Media and Journalists. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 91(3), 433–451. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699014538974 Walther, J. B., & Jang, J. (2012). Communication Processes in Participatory Websites. J Comput-Mediat Comm, 18(1), 2–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01592.x Wanta, W., & Hu, Y.-W. (1994). The Effects of Credibility, Reliance, and Exposure on Media Agenda-Setting: A Path Analysis Model. Journalism Quarterly, 71(1), 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909407100109 Watts, M. D., Domke, D., Shah, D. V., & Fan, D. P. (1999). Elite Cues and Media Bias in Presidential Campaigns. Communication Research, 26(2), 144–175. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365099026002003 Weeks, B. E., Kim, D. H., Hahn, L. B., Diehl, T. H., & Kwak, N. (2019). Hostile Media Perceptions in the Age of Social Media: Following Politicians, Emotions, and Perceptions of Media Bias. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 63(3), 374–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2019.1653069 Weinberg, N. (2010, October 23). NYT Vs. WSJ: Liberal Bias Vs. Conservative Bias? Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/neilweinberg/2010/10/23/nyt-vs-wsj-liberal-bias-vs-conservative-bias Westerman, D., Spence, P. R., & Van Der Heide, B. (2014). Social Media as Information Source: Recency of Updates and Credibility of Information. J Comput-Mediat Comm, 19(2), 171–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12041 Whitehead, J. L. (1968). Factors of source credibility. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 54(1), 59–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335636809382870 Williams, M. (2018). There’s still work to do. Quill, Volume 106(No 3). Yale, R. N., Jensen, J. D., Carcioppolo, N., Sun, Y., & Liu, M. (2015). Examining First- and Second-Order Factor Structures for News Credibility. Communication Methods and Measures, 9(3), 152–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2015.1061652 |
Description: | 碩士 國立政治大學 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS) 107461018 |
Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107461018 |
Data Type: | thesis |
DOI: | 10.6814/NCCU202000898 |
Appears in Collections: | [國際傳播英語碩士學程] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
101801.pdf | | 13236Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 216 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|