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    Title: 金融帳戶資訊自動交換規範下個人資料保護法制之適用與爭議—以歐盟和我國為例
    The Applications and Issues of the Personal Data Protection Regulation under the Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information – Regulations of European Union and Taiwan as Examples
    Authors: 劉芸昕
    Liu, Yun-Hsin
    Contributors: 楊培侃
    劉芸昕
    Liu, Yun-Hsin
    Keywords: 金融帳戶資訊自動交換
    共同申報準則
    稅務用途金融帳戶資訊自動交換準則
    個人資料保護
    一般資料保護規則
    automatic exchange of financial account information
    Common Reporting Standard (CRS)
    Standard for Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information in Tax Matters
    personal data protection
    General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
    Date: 2020
    Issue Date: 2020-08-03 17:22:46 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 國際間建立更完善的金融帳戶資訊自動交換規範,提升國際間稅務資訊透明度,已成為當前各國間之共識。然而,金融帳戶資訊自動交換可能伴隨著嚴肅的個人資料保護爭議,甚至衝擊現有個人資料保護法制下重要概念之解釋與適用。隨著個人資料保護意識抬頭,金融帳戶資訊自動交換常有與個人資料保護產生扞格之爭議。且兩者互動交集上所保護的法益:資訊透明度與資訊自決權,本質上乃相互對立,如何在金融帳戶資訊自動交換與個人資料保護之間畫出適當界線為亟待釐清之議題。
    本文首先介紹金融帳戶資訊自動交換之發展與個人資料保護制度,同時檢討金融帳戶資訊自動交換規範下個人資料保護法制適用之疑慮。再者,藉由檢視「歐洲聯盟(European Union,以下簡稱歐盟)」執行金融帳戶資訊自動交換可能涉及個人資料保護法制適用之難題,引導出我國執行金融帳戶資訊自動交換亦可能涉及個人資料保護難題之癥結。最後,嘗試提出三項改善方針:導入風險概念區分不同程度的保障、設立目的相容性評估標準,以及設置合法蒐用事由雙階架構的判斷標準,希冀能兼顧金融帳戶資訊自動交換之利益與個人資料保護之要求。
    In recent years, there have been major developments in establishing a more comprehensive international regulation for the automatic exchange of financial account information and improving the transparency of international tax information. However, the automatic exchange of financial account information may result in serious personal data protection issues, and even has a great impact on the interpretation and application of important concepts under existing personal data protection regulations. With the rising awareness of personal data protection, there are more conflicts between the application of the automatic exchange of financial account information and personal data protection, in which two types of legal interests may need to be balanced, i.e., the transparency of information and the right of information self-determination are essentially contradictory to each other.
    This thesis aims at exploring relevant issues over the application of personal data protection regulations under the mechanism of the automatic exchange of financial account information and seeking an appropriate balance between the two. Firstly, this thesis briefly introduces the development of the automatic exchange of financial account information and the personal data protection regulation and examines the concerns about the applications of the personal data protection regulation under the automatic exchange of financial account information. Furthermore, this thesis will use the European Union as an example to discuss relevant issues of the application of personal data protection regulation under the automatic exchange of financial account information in the European Union with a view to providing possible guidance for Taiwan’s implementation of similar rules and regulations. Finally, this thesis proposes three suggestions for a more balanced application, i.e., distinguishing different levels of protection by risk, creating an assessment of compatibility, and setting two-step criteria for data processing.
    Reference: 壹、中文文獻
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    四、博碩士學位論文
    1.木笑瑞(2016),租稅資訊之保障與納稅人資訊自決權之研究-以租稅資訊之蒐集、傳遞與交換為中心,國立臺灣大學法律學院法律學研究所碩士論文。
    2.吳威廷(2019),從個人資料保護角度看新興信用評價工具–––以芝麻信用為中心,國立政治大學法律學系碩士班碩士學位論文。
    3.吳珞齊(2018),保險業適用個人資料保護法問題研究—以保險法第177條之1及個人資料保護法第3條為核心,國立政治大學風險管理與保險學系研究所碩士學位論文。
    4.李嘉至(2018),個人資料保護專責機關之研究,東吳大學法學院法律學系碩士在職專班科技法律組碩士論文。
    5.高振格(2012),論個人資料保護法之相關法律問題及其改進建議—參考國際組織相關準則,國際政治大學風險管理與保險學系研究所碩士論文。
    6.陳邑瑄(2015),服務貿易總協定下的隱私權保護—以個人資料保護為中心,東吳大學法學院法律學系碩士班碩士論文。
    7.蔡慧馨(2016),從全球稅制透明化之觀點論美國外國帳戶稅收遵從法與我國之因應,東吳大學法學院法律學系碩士在職專班碩士論文。
    8.鍾宛嫣(2018),國際稅務資訊交換制度與納稅人權利保障—以OECD範本與歐盟法為中心,國立臺灣大學法律學院法律學研究所碩士論文。

    五、研討會文章
    1.張志偉(2018),歐盟個人資料保護的新紀元—以適用範圍、基本原則與合法性要件為中心,2018年新世紀稅務理論與實務問題研討會 租稅資訊交換與個資保護,國立中正大學財稅法研究中心和財團法人安侯建業教育基金會主辦,2018年11月23日。
    2.謝如蘭和Matthias Wetzel(2018),德國金融帳戶資訊交換與個人資料保護,2018年新世紀稅務理論與實務問題研討會 租稅資訊交換與個資保護,國立中正大學財稅法研究中心和財團法人安侯建業教育基金會主辦,2018年11月23日。

    六、研究計畫
    1.李顯峰(研究主持人)、謝德宗(協同主持人)和鍾騏(協同主持人),我國因應國際反避稅趨勢執行跨國資訊交換之研究,財政部104年度委託研究報告期末報,2015年12月。
    2.陳清秀(研究主持人)、李顯峰(協同主持人)、柯格鐘(研究員)和藍元駿(研究員),我國建立及執行符合國際新資訊透明標準之資訊交換制度相關議題研究,財政部105年度委託研究報告,2017年12月。
    3.劉定基(研究主持人),物聯網時代的個人資料保護法制,科技部補助專題研究計畫成果報告期末報告,2016年11月。

    七、政府報告
    1.王瑀璇和王紫瀅,參加經濟合作暨發展組織韓國多邊稅務中心舉辦「資訊交換作為打擊海外租稅規避之工具」研討會報告,財政部,2018年12月14日。
    2.吳珍菊和張詠晴,參加經濟合作暨發展組織韓國政策中心舉辦2016年「資訊交換」研討會報告,財政部,2016年8月25日。
    3.李頲翰,歐盟執委會「國家專家專業訓練計畫(NEPTs)」參訓報告,法務部,2018年4月10日。
    4.財政部賦稅署,參加亞洲稅務行政及研究組織(SGATAR)第46屆年會會議報告,財政部, 2017年2月10日。
    5.陳蘊與曾勤博(2013),美國外國帳戶稅務遵循法之申報義務與我國個人資料保護法(“個資法”)之衝突與解決,全國律師,第17卷第4期,頁25-28。

    八、其他
    1.中華民國證券投資信託暨顧問商業同業公會,政府間協定(IGA)降低外國帳戶稅收遵從法案(FATCA)的衝擊,2012年8月,網址:https://members.sitca.org.tw/OPF/K0000/files/CWeb/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B201208.pdf。
    2.金融業因應歐盟一般資料保護規則(GDPR)施行之相關作為,金融監督管理委員會,網址:https://ws.ndc.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9hZG1pbmlzdHJhdG9yLzEwL3JlbGZpbGUvMC8xMjA2Mi8wMmUyNTQ5NC00ZmFmLTQ3ZWUtOGRjMy0zOGUwYTA3NDRmOTkucGRm&n=6YeR566h5pyD5Zug5oeJR0RQUuaWveihjOS5i%2BebuOmXnOS9nOeCui5wZGY%3D&icon=..pdf
    3.許傳昌,探討國際集保機構面臨美國FATCA條款實施之因應措施,臺灣集中保管結算所股份有限公司, 2014年12月,網址:https://m.tdcc.com.tw/TDCCWEB/upload/ff808081512e404a01512f5b4741004f.pdf。
    4.資誠聯合會計師事務所,CRS正式上路 財政部發布「金融機構執行共同申報及盡職審查作業辦法」,2017年11月20日,網址:https://www.pwc.tw/zh/publications/financial-services-news-and-practices/assets/fsta-201711.pdf。

    貳、英文文獻
    一、專書
    1.Brauner, Yariv and Stewart, Miranda. 2013. Tax, Law and Development. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
    2.Council of Europe & European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. 2018. Handbook on European Data Protection Law. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
    3.Determann, Lothar. 2015. Determann’s Field Guide to Data Privacy Law International Corporate Compliance. 2nd ed. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
    4.Klosek, Jacqueline. 2000. Data Privacy in the Information Age. USA: Greenwood Publishing Group.
    5.Oberson, Xavier. 2015. International Exchange of Information in Tax Matters Toward Global Transparency. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
    6.OECD. 1977. Model Double Taxation Convention on Income and on Capital : Report of the OECD Committee on Fiscal Affairs. Paris: OECD.
    7.OECD. 1994. Tax Information Exchange Between OECD Member Countries a Survey of Current Practices. Paris: OECD.
    8.OECD. 2017. Standard for Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information in Tax Matters. 2nd ed. Paris: OECD.
    9.OECD. 2018. Standard for Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information in Tax Matters: Implementation Handbook . 2nd ed. Paris: OECD.
    10.Wöhrer, Viktoria. 2018. Data Protection and Taxpayers` Rights: Challenges Created by Automatic Exchange of Information. 1st ed. Amsterdam, Netherlands: IBFD.

    二、專書論文
    1.Bygrave, Lee A. 2010. International Agreements to Protect Personal Data. Pp.15-50 in Global Privacy Protection: The First Generation, edited by Rule, James B. and Greenleaf, Graham.

    三、期刊
    1.Avi-Yonah, Reuven S. and Mazzoni, Gianluca. 2016. Taxation and Human Rights: A Delicate Balance. U of Michigan Public Law Research Paper No. 520:1-18.
    2.Cate, Fred H. 1999. The Changing Face of Privacy Protection in the European Union and the United States. Indian Law Review 33:173-232.
    3.Gellert, Raphaël. 2015. Data protection: a risk regulation? Between the risk management of everything and the precautionary alternative. International Data Privacy Law 5(1):3-19.
    4.Loring, Tracie B. 2002. An Analysis of the Information of the Informational Privacy Protection Afforded by the European Union and the United States. Texas International Law Journal 37:421-460.
    5.Pearce, Graham and Platten, Nicholas. 1998. Orchestrating Transatlantic Approaches to Personal Data Protection: A European Perspective. Fordham International Law Journal 22(5):2024-2051.
    6.Schaper, Marcel. 2016. Data Protection Rights and Tax Information Exchange in the European Union: an Uneasy Combination. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 23(3):514-530.

    四、官方文件
    1.Article 29 Data Protection Working Party. 2013. Opinion 03/2013 on Purpose Limitation. 00569/13/EN. WP 203. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/justice/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/files/2013/wp203_en.pdf.
    2.Article 29 Data Protection Working Party. 2014. Annex. Ref. Ares(2014)3066381. Retrived from https://ec.europa.eu/justice/article-29/documentation/other-document/files/2014/20140918_annex_oecd_common_reporting_standard.pdf.pdf.
    3.Article 29 Data Protection Working Party. 2014. OECD Common Reporting Standard. Ref. Ares(2014)3066381. Retrieved fromhttps://ec.europa.eu/justice/article-29/documentation/other-document/files/2014/20140918_letter_on_oecd_common_reporting_standard.pdf.pdf.
    4.Article 29 Data Protection Working Party. 2014. Opinion 01/2014 on the Application of Necessity and Proportionality Concepts and Data Protection within the Law Enforcement Sector. 536/14/EN. WP211. Retrieved from https://www.pdpjournals.com/docs/88168.pdf.
    5.Article 29 Data Protection Working Party. 2015. Guidelines for Member States on the Criteria to Ensure Compliance With Data Protection Requirements in the Context of the Automatic Exchange of Personal Data for Tax Purposes. 175/16/EN. WP234. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/justice/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/files/2015/wp234_en.pdf.
    6.Article 29 Data Protection Working Party. 2015. Statement of the WP29 on Automatic Inter-State Exchanges of Personal Data for Tax Purposes. 14/EN. WP230. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/justice/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/files/2015/wp230_en.pdf.
    7.European Banking Federation. 2014. Data protection, Legal and Constitutional Aspects of Automatic Exchange of Information. Retrieved from https://www.ebf.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EBF_009374-Letter-to-G20-on-data-protection-aspects-of-Automatic-Exchange-of-Information.pdf.
    8.European Commissin. 2015. First Report of the Commission AEFI expert group on the implementation of Directive 2014/107/EU for automatic exchange of financial account information. Retrieved from https://www.abbl.lu/content/uploads/2017/06/first-report-expert-group-automatic-exchange-financial-information.pdf.
    9.European Commission. 2016. Proposal for a DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL amending Directive (EU) 2015/849 on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purposes of money laundering or terrorist financing and amending Directive 2009/101/EC. COM (2016) 450 final. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52016PC0450.
    10.European Data Protection Supervisor. 2015. Opinion 2/2015: Opinion of the EDPS on the EU-Switzerland agreement on the automatic exchange of tax information. Retrived from https://edps.europa.eu/sites/edp/files/publication/15-07-08_eu_switzerland_en.pdf.
    11.European Data Protection Supervisor. 2016. Developing a `toolkit` for assessing the necessity of measures that interfere with fundamental rights. Retrived from https://edps.europa.eu/sites/edp/files/publication/16-06-16_necessity_paper_for_consultation_en.pdf.
    12.European Data Protection Supervisor. 2017. Assessing the Necessity of Measures that Limit the Fundamental Right to the Protection of Personal Data: A Toolkit. Retrieved from https://edps.europa.eu/sites/edp/files/publication/17-06-01_necessity_toolkit_final_en.pdf.
    13.European Data Protection Supervisor. 2017. Opinion 1/2017: EDPS Opinion on a Commission Proposal amending Directive (EU) 2015/849 and Directive 2009/101/EC: Access to beneficial ownership information and data protection implications. Retrieved from https://edps.europa.eu/sites/edp/files/publication/17-02-02_opinion_aml_en.pdf.
    14.European Data Protection Supervisor. 2019. EDPS Guidelines on Assessing the Proportionality of Measures that Limit the Fundamental Rights to Privacy and to the Protection of Personal Data. Retrieved from https://edps.europa.eu/sites/edp/files/publication/19-12-19_edps_proportionality_guidelines2_en.pdf.
    15.European Union. 2016. Council Directive (EU) 2016/2258 of 6 December 2016 amending Directive 2011/16/EU as regards access to anti-money-laundering information by tax authorities. O.J. (L 342/1). Retrived from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32016L2258&from=en.
    16.European Union. 2016. Directive 2006/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 on the Retention of Data Generated or Processed in Connection with the Provision of Publicly Available Electronic Communications Services or of Public Communications Networks and Amending Directive 2002/58/EC. O.J. (L 105). Retrived from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:105:0054:0063:EN:PDF.
    17.International Monetary Fund. 2009. London Summit – Leaders’ statement. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2009/pdf/g20_040209.pdf.
    18.OCED. 2012. Update to Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and its Commentary. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/ctp/exchange-of-tax-information/120718_Article%2026-ENG_no%20cover%20(2).pdf.
    19.OECD. 2000. Improving Access to Bank Information for Tax Purposes. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/ctp/exchange-of-tax-information/2497487.pdf.
    20.OECD. 2006. Manual on the Implementation of Exchange of Information Provisions for Tax Purposes: Unclassified Module on General and Legal Aspects of Exchange of Information. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/ctp/exchange-of-tax-information/36647823.pdf.
    21.OECD. 2006. Manual on the Implementation of Exchange of Information Provisions for Tax Purposes Unclassified Module 1 on Exchange of Information on Request. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/ctp/exchange-of-tax-information/36647905.pdf.
    22.OECD. 2006. Manual on the Implementation of Exchange of Information Provisions for Tax Purposes Unclassified Module 2 on Spontaneous Exchange of Information. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/ctp/exchange-of-tax-information/36647914.pdf.
    23.OECD. 2006. Manual on the Implementation of Exchange of Information Provisions for Tax Purposes Unclassified Module 3 on Automatic (or Routine) Exchange of Information. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/ctp/exchange-of-tax-information/49714508.doc.
    24.OECD. 2006. Manual on the Implementation of Exchange of Information Provisions for Tax Purposes Unclassified Module 5 on Conducting Simultaneous Tax Examination. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/ctp/exchange-of-tax-information/36648057.pdf.
    25.OECD. 2006. Manual on the Implementation of Exchange of Information Provisions for Tax Purposes Unclassified Module 6 on Conducting Tax Examinations Abroad. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/ctp/exchange-of-tax-information/36648066.pdf.
    26.OECD. 2006. Manual on the Implementation of Exchange of Information Provisions for Tax Purposes Unclassified Module 4 on Industry-Wide Exchanges of Information. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/ctp/exchange-of-tax-information/36648040.pdf.
    27.OECD. 2014. Declaration on Automatic Exchange of Information in Tax Matters. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/mcm/MCM-2014-Declaration-Tax.pdf.
    28.OECD. 2016. Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information : Background Information Brief. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/ctp/exchange-of-tax-information/Automatic-Exchange-Financial-Account-Information-Brief.pdf.
    29.OECD. 2018. Automatic Exchange of Information Implementation Report 2018. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/tax/transparency/AEOI-Implementation-Report-2018.pdf.
    30.OECD. 2019. OECD Standardised Format for Automatic Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/tax/exchange-of-tax-information/40501987.pdf
    31.OECD. 2019. Signatories of the Multilateral Competent Authority Agreement on Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information and Intended First Information Exchange Date. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/tax/automatic-exchange/about-automatic-exchange/crs-mcaa-signatories.pdf.

    五、法院案例
    (一)歐洲法院(European Court of Justice, ECJ)
    1.ECJ. 16 Dec. 2008. Case C-73/07. Tietosuojavaltuutettu v Satakunnan Markkinapörssi Oy and Satamedia Oy. ECLI:EU:C:2008:727.
    2.ECJ. 16 Dec. 2008. Case C-524/06. Heinz Huber v Bundesrepublik Deutschland. ECLI:EU:C:2008:724
    3.ECJ. 9 Nov. 2010. Joined Cases C-92/09 and C-93-09. Volker und Markus Schecke GbR and Hartmut Eifert v. Land Hessen. ECLI:EU:C:2010:662.
    4.ECJ. 30 May 2013. Case C-342/12. Worten – Equipamentos para o Lar SA v. Autoridade para as Condições de Trabalho (ACT). ECLI:EU:C:2013:355.
    5.ECJ. 8 Apr. 2014. Joined Cases C-293/12 & C-594/12. Digital Rights Ir. Ltd. v. Minister for Commc’n. ECLI:EU:C:2014:238.
    6.ECJ. 1 Oct. 2015. Case C-201/14, Smaranda Bara and Others v Casa Naţională de Asigurări de Sănătate and Others. ECLI:EU:C:2015:638.
    7.ECJ. 8 Sept. 2016. Opinion of Advocate General Mengozzi. Opinion 1/15. ECLI:EU:C:2016:656.
    8.ECJ. 30 Mar. 2017. Opinion of Advocate General. Case C-73/16. Peter Puškár v Finančné riaditeľstvo Slovenskej republiky and Kriminálny úrad finančnej správy. ECLI:EU:C:2017:253.
    9.ECJ. 26 July 2017. Opinion 1/15 of the Court. ECLI:EU:C:2017:592.
    10.ECJ. Sept. 27 2017. Case C-73/16. Peter Puškár v Finančné riaditeľstvo Slovenskej republiky and Kriminálny úrad finančnej správy. ECLI:EU:C:2017:725.

    (二)歐洲人權法院(European Court of Human Rights, ECtHR)
    1.ECtHR. 27 Nov. 1996. European Court of Human Rights, F.S. v. Germany, App. No. 30128/96.
    2.ECtHR. 4 Dec. 2008. S. and Marper v. the United Kingdom. App. No. 30562/04 and 30566/04.
    3.ECtHR. 29 Nov. 2016. UBS v. France, App. No. 29778/15.
    4.ECtHR. 6 Dec. 2016. MICHAUD v. FRANCE. App. No. 12323/11.
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    國際經營與貿易學系
    105351049
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0105351049
    Data Type: thesis
    DOI: 10.6814/NCCU202001145
    Appears in Collections:[Department of International Business] Theses

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