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Title: | 企業併購風險管理之新工具──聲明與保證保險 A New Risk Management Tool for M&A: Representations and Warranties Insurance |
Authors: | 農志潔 Nung, Chih-Chieh |
Contributors: | 張冠群 Chang, Kuan-Chun 農志潔 Nung, Chih-Chieh |
Keywords: | 聲明與保證保險 保證與補償保險 企業併購保險 聲明與保證 聲明與擔保 估價不確定性 責任保險 契約責任 過失不實聲明 侵權行為 損害賠償之計算時點 後見之明 representations & warranties insurance warranties & indemnities insurance M&A insurance mergers & acquisitions valuation uncertainty liability insurance time for assessment of loss hindsight |
Date: | 2020 |
Issue Date: | 2020-05-05 11:58:07 (UTC+8) |
Abstract: | 企業併購為現今全球最重要之商業活動之一,無論進行企業併購之目的是單純投資,或是為了改善企業體質發揮集團綜效,企業併購皆可替併購雙方帶來可觀之獲利。然而,除了獲利之可能外,企業併購往往亦伴隨巨大的交易風險。為處理企業併購之交易風險,長年來,企業併購實務上發展出以聲明與保證條款為核心之風險管理方式,惟此一基本之風險分配機制,在日新月異的併購環境中,逐漸不敷使用。 為了滿足併購雙方不同之風險承受能力及風險管理需求,保險之運用逐漸被引進企業併購交易之中,進而衍生了新形態的企業併購風險管理工具──聲明與保證保險。聲明與保證保險,藉由將企業併購中估價不確定之風險移轉予保險人承擔,衡平併購雙方對併購契約中風險管理條款之齟齬,並進而促進併購交易之成立。於全球,聲明與保證保險之運用已逐年上升,然於我國則仍在初期引進階段,不但實務之運用罕見,文獻之著墨亦尚非透徹。本文認為,於全球化浪潮之下,聲明與保證保險於我國之發展應具潛力,故聲明與保證保險之運作、對企業併購帶來之影響,以及可能衍生之法律問題等,應有探究之價值。 研究聲明與保證保險,首先須理解併購契約中之聲明與保證條款,以及其所處理之交易風險為何。因此,本文將從企業併購之交易風險談起,並說明企業併購傳統之風險管理方式。於聲明與保證保險之討論中,本文首先將介紹美國聲明與保證保險之運作,其後分析聲明與保證保險對企業併購契約條款之影響,並探討美國法及英國法中,與聲明與保證保險相關之法律議題。最後,本文將分析聲明與保證保險於我國之發展性,並就英美法上已浮現之問題,提出於我國法下之解方。 Merger & acquisition is arguably one of the most important business activities in today’s economic landscape. Despite the considerable profits to be made, an M&A deal has the potential to put transaction parties at risk. Whether the purpose of a deal is merely investing, or pursuing “synergy” by reorganizing business structure, M&A transactions always come with risks. To deal with these transactional risks, a set of risk management tools based upon representations and warranties have been developed. However, with M&A norms changing rapidly, such traditional risk management methods are no longer seen as panaceas in today’s market. To better meet the risk tolerance levels of each transaction party and fulfill risk management needs, a new type of risk management tool was created—Representations and Warranties Insurance (RWI). By transferring the valuation uncertainty risk in M&A deals to insurers, RWI helps to bridge the gap between transaction parties and to accelerate the completion of M&A deals. Although there has been a gradual but steady uptick in the use of RWI globally, it was only recently that RWI was introduced in Taiwan. At present, the adoption of RWI in Taiwanese-based deals is rare and literature discussing the utility and benefits of RWI is regrettably incomprehensive in Taiwan. Nonetheless, as Taiwan continues to integrate itself into the global economy, it is highly conceivable that RWI will find considerable application in Taiwan. It is thus worth discussing how RWI works, how RWI affects M&A contracts, as well as considering what issues might arise with the implementation of RWI in Taiwan, and how these issues might be handled under Taiwan’s legal system. To study RWI, it is essential to have an understanding of its underlying representation and warranty, as well as the risks it was designed to cope with. Accordingly, this thesis will begin with an investigation into the transaction risks faced by M&A parties and the traditional risk management portfolios to which M&A parties have had access. Following, this thesis will discuss how RWI currently operates in the United States, the effect it has had on M&A contracts in the United States, and how associated problems and issues have been dealt with under American and British law. Finally, this thesis will analyze the prospect of the use of RWI in Taiwan and, in the context of Taiwan’s legal system, provide potential solutions to issues that have been previously considered under US or British law. |
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(四) 研究及統計報告 1. AIG (2014). Warranty and Indemnity Insurance in Southeast Asia. Retrieved from https://www.aig.com.ph/content/dam/aig/apac/philippines/documents/brochures/warranty-and-indemnity-insurance-in-southeast-asia-2014-brochure.pdf (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 2. AIG (2018). M&A Insurance – The new normal? Retrieved from https://www.aig.com/content/dam/aig/america-canada/us/documents/insights/aig-manda-claimsintelligence-2018-w-and-i.pdf (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 3. AIG (2019). Mergers and Acquisitions 2019 Claims Report Taxing times for M&A Insurance. Retrieved from https://www.aig.com/business/insurance/mergers-and-acquisitions/mergers-acquisitions-claims-reports (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 4. Aon (2015). Transaction Insurance as a M&A Strategic Tool. Retrieved from https://www.aon.com/risk-services/asats/aon-insights/transaction-insurance.jsp (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 5. Aon (2018). M&A and Transaction Solutions: Risk in Review. Retrieved from https://www.aon.com/getmedia/0c91accf-ab1e-44a1-9587-4bfa3a01ce1c/Aon-Risk-in-Review-Report-2018.aspx (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 6. Aon (2019). Asia-Pacific M&A and Transaction Solutions Risk in Review 2019. Retrieved from https://www.aon.com/m-and-a-riskinreview/apac2019.aspx (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 7. Aon (2019). North America M&A and Transaction Solutions Risk in Review 2019. Retrieved from https://www.aon.com/m-and-a-riskinreview/northamerica2019 (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 8. Marsh (2015). Annual Transactional Risk Report 2014. Retrieved from https://www.marsh.com/uk/insights/research/annual-transactional-risk-report.html (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 9. Marsh (2016). Annual Transactional Risk Report 2015. Retrieved from https://www.marsh.com/uk/insights/research/demand-for-transactional-risk-insurance-hits-record-highs-in-2015.html (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 10. Marsh (2018). Transactional Risk Report 2017. Retrieved from https://www.marsh.com/uk/insights/research/transactional-risk-update-2017.html (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 11. Marsh (2019). Transactional Risk Insurance Report. Retrieved from https://www.marsh.com/uk/insights/research/transactional-risk-insurance-outpaced-global-deal-activity.html (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 12. Ryan, K. (2012). 2012 M&A Holdback Escrow Report. Retrieved from J.P Morgan website: https://www.velocitylaw.com/Library/BuyingOrSellingABusiness/MA%20Holdback%20Report_FINAL_KMRx%202012.pdf (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 13. SRS Acquiom Inc. (2018). Buy-Side Representations and Warranties Insurance (RWI) Deal Terms Study. Retrieved from https://www.srsacquiom.com/resources/2018-buy-side-rwi-deal-terms-study/ (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 14. SRS Acquiom Inc. (2019). 2019 Buy-Side Representations and Warranties Insurance (RWI) Deal Terms Study. Retrieved from https://www.srsacquiom.com/resources/2019-buy-side-reps-warranties-insurance-deal-terms-study/#downloadform (last visited Apr. 8, 2020).
(五) 未出版之專論 1. Omri, E. T., & James, R. (2019). Representations and Warranties Insurance in Mergers and Acquisitions. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=3361184 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3361184 (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 2. Bhagat, S., Klasa, S., & Litov, L. P. (2014). The use of escrow contracts in acquisition agreements. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2271394 (last visited Apr. 8, 2020).
(六) 網路資源 1. Aufses III, A. H. (Apr. 02, 2018). Paying the Price for Reps and Warranties Breaches [Website article]. Retrieved from https://www.kramerlevin.com/en/perspectives-search/paying-the-price-for-reps-warranties-breaches.html (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 2. Avery, D.; Lingenfelter, L. (Jan. 2018). Trends in Private Company M&A Provisions: The “Materiality Scrape” [Website article]. Retrieved from https://www.goulstonstorrs.com/publications/trends-in-private-company-ma-provisions-the-materiality-scrape/ (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 3. Franchini, J. & Mackey, T. (Apr. 2014) Re-Allocation of Risk in Asian M&A: The Case for Considering Representations and Warranties Insurance [Website article]. Retrieved from Milbank website: https://www.milbank.com/images/content/1/6/16292/Article-The-Lawyers-Representations-and-Warranties-in-M-A-Apri.pdf (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 4. Gibson Dunn & Crutcher (May 15, 2019). Insuring the Deal: Key Considerations when Utilizing Transactional Insurance [Presentation powerpoint file]. Retrieved from https://www.gibsondunn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/WebcastSlides-Insuring-the-Deal-Key-Considerations-when-Utilizing-Transactional-Insurance-15-MAY-2019.pdf (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 5. Goodwin Procter LLP (Mar. 22, 2018). M&A Trends: Representations and Warranties Insurance [Website article]. Retrieved from https://www.goodwinlaw.com/publications/2018/03/m-and-a-trends-representations (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 6. LaCroix, K. (Mar. 16, 2009). D&O Insurance: The Contract Exclusion [Website article]. Retrieved from https://www.dandodiary.com/2009/03/articles/d-o-insurance/do-insurance-the-contract-exclusion/ (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 7. Legge J., McNally J., & Kucera B. (2014). Facilitating M&A Transactions [Presentation powerpoint file]. Retrieved from http://wk.ixueshu.com/file/051d8160344752c9.html (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 8. Marsh (2019). Transactional Risk Insurance Using Transactional Risk Solutions to Close the Deal [Presentation powerpoint file]. Retrieved from https://goquantive.com/wp-content/uploads//2019/05/Marsh-TR-Presentation-3-19.pptx (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 9. McDonald, J. J. & Warpula, C. C. (Apr. 19, 2018). Zero Seller Recourse Deals and Other Emerging Trends: The Latest Developments in Representation And Warranty Insurance [Website article]. Retrieved from http://www.mondaq.com/unitedstates/x/693640/Insurance/Zero+Seller+Recourse+Deals+and+Other+Emerging+Trends+The+Latest+Developments+in+Representation+and+Warranty+Insurance (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 10. Mercer, Z. C. (1999). Financial vs. Strategic Buyers [Website article]. Retrieved from https://mercercapital.com/article/financial-vs-strategic-buyers/ (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 11. Private Equity International (2002). Non-Recourse Warranty and Indemnity Insurance [Website article]. Retrieved from https://www.privateequityinternational.com/non-recourse-warranty-and-indemnity-insurance/?fbclid=iwar1wyfuehefz8sb5k9wzv54rttmg4cddwu7mubtrn1ebmmoeo6cczkto2do (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 12. Rittberg, J., Hettinger, G., & McNellie, S. (Mar. 26, 2015). M&A in 2015: Reps and Warranties Insurance [Presentation powerpoint file]. Retrieved from Norton Rose Fulbright & AIG website: https://docplayer.net/16510402-M-a-in-2015-reps-and-warranties-insurance-norton-rose-fulbright-thursday-march-26-2015.html (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 13. Schwabe Williamson & Wyatt (Nov. 22, 2016). Getting the Purchase Price Right: Earn-outs, Escrows, and Post-Closing Adjustments in M&A transactions [Website article]. Retrieved from https://www.schwabe.com/newsroom-publications-earn-outs-escrows-post-closing-adjustments-m-and-a-transactions (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 14. Verdesca, J., Ferrillo, P., & Gershowitz, G. (Jan. 15, 2016). Representations and Warranties Insurance: What Every Buyer and Seller Needs to Know [Website article]. Retrieved from https://www.lexisnexis.com/communities/corporatecounselnewsletter/b/newsletter/archive/2016/01/15/representations-and-warranties-insurance-what-every-buyer-and-seller-needs-to-know.aspx (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 15. Vinson & Elkins LLP (2018). Representations and Warranties Insurance in Energy M&A: An Old Product Gets a New Look [Presentation powerpoint file]. Retrieved from https://www.velaw.com/Insights/Representations-and-Warranties-Insurance-in-Energy-M-A--An-Old-Product-Gets-a-New-Look/?platform=hootsuite (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 16. Wang, G. H. (Apr. 29, 2015). Transaction Liability Insurance - Representation and Warranty Insurance in Cross-Border Transactions [Website article PDF file]. Retrieved from Haynes and Boone website: https://www.haynesboone.com/alerts/representation-and-warranty-insurance-in-cross-border-transactions (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 17. Wildeboer Dellelce LLP (Apr. 25, 2017). Structuring Earn-Outs in M&A Transactions [Website article]. Retrieved from https://www.wildlaw.ca/resource-centre/legal-updates/2017/structuring-earn-outs-in-ma-transactions/ (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 18. Willis Towers Watson (Oct. 29, 2018). Transactional Insurance – Market Overview and Key Issues. In Representations & Warranties Insurance in M&A Transactions [Presentation powerpoint file]. Retrieved from https://www.ctbar.org/docs/default-source/education/materials/2018-2019-cle-materials/eyl181029-rwi-in-ma-transactions-final-materials (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 19. Willis Towers Watson (May 16, 2019). Use of Transactional Risk Insurance and “W&I Stapling” Is on the Rise Despite a Slowdown in the Global M&A Markets [Website article]. Retrieved from https://willistowerswatsonupdate.es/gestion-de-riesgos/transactional-risk-insurance-wi-stapling/ (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 20. Winston & Strawn LLP (Nov. 18, 2014) The Real Deal Webinar Series: Representation & Warranty Insurance [Presentation powerpoint file]. Retrieved from https://www.winston.com/en/thought-leadership/the-real-deal-webinar-series-representation-warranty-insurance.html (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 21. Yu K.H., & Lu, Y. (Oct. 2019). Private M&A [Survay respond]. Retrieved from Getting The Deal Through website: https://gettingthedealthrough.com/area/101/jurisdiction/45/private-m-a-taiwan/ (last visited Apr. 8, 2020).
(七) 保險契約範本 1. AIG. Buyer-side Representations and Warranties Insurance Policy Specimen. Retrieved from https://pdfslide.us/documents/american-international-specialty-lines-repsthis-buyer-side-representations.html?h=docslide.com.br (last visited Apr. 8, 2020). 2. AIG. Seller-side Representations and Warranties Insurance Policy Specimen. Retrieved from http://www.hedgefundinsurance.com/Publications/AIG%20Reps%20and%20Warranties_Sell%20Side%20policy%20form.pdf (last visited Apr. 8, 2020).
(八) 美國法院判決 1. Action Ads, Inc. v. Great Am. Ins. Co., 685 P.2d 42 (Wyo. 1984). 2. American Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. American Girl, Inc., 268 Wis.2d 16 (Wis. 2004). 3. August Entertainment, Inc. v. Philadelphia Indemnity Ins. Co., 146 Cal.App.4th 565 (Cal. Ct. App. 2007) 4. CBS Inc. v. Ziff-Davis Pub. Co., 553 N.E.2d 997 (N.Y. 1990). 5. C.R. Anthony Co. v. Loretto Mall Partners, 817 P.2d 238 (N.M. 1991). 6. D`Amelio v. Federal Ins. Co., 2004 WL 937328 (D. Mass. Apr. 28, 2004). 7. Enserch Corp. v. Shand Morahan & Co., 952 F. 2d 1485. (5th Cir. 1992). 8. Essex Group, Inc. v. Nill, 594 N.E.2d 503 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992). 9. Federal Ins. Co. v KDW Restructuring and Liquidation Services, LLC, 889 F.Supp.2d 694 (M.D. Pa. 2012). 10. Gibson & Associates, Inc. v. Home Ins. Co., 966 F.Supp. 468 (N.D. Tex. 1997). 11. Home Ins. Co. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 229 F.3d 56 (1st Cir.2000). 12. House of Clean, Inc. v. St. Paul Fire and Marine Ins. Co., 775 F.Supp.2d 302 (D. Mass 2011). 13. In re IBP, Inc. v. Tyson Foods, Inc, 789 A.2d 14 (Del. Ch. 2001). 14. Interim Healthcare, Inc. v. Spherion Corp., 884 A.2d 513 (Del. Super. Ct. 2005). 15. Kazerouni v. DeSatnick, 279 Cal. Rptr. 74 (Cal. Ct. App. 1991). 16. Kelly v. McKesson HBOC, Inc., 2002 WL 88939 (Del. Super. Ct. 2002). 17. Kirby v. NMC/Continue Care, 993 P.2d 951 (Wyo. 1999). 18. Lazaro v. San Lazaro Park Properties, 864 P.2d 111 (Colo. 1993). 19. Massey-Ferguson, Inc. v. Laird, 432 So. 2d 1259 (Ala. 1983). 20. Murphy v. Nat`l Iron & Metal Co., 227 P.2d 219 (Ariz. 1951). 21. Nationwide Property & Cas. v. Comer, 559 F.Supp.2d 685 (S.D.W. Va. 2008). 22. Richards v. Saveway Oil Co., Inc., 314 N.E. 2d 923 (Mass. App. Ct. 1974). 23. Sterilite Corp. v. Continental Cas. Co., 458 N.E.2d 338 (Mass. App. Ct. 1983). 24. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Jacobsen, 826 F. Supp. 155 (E.D. Va. 1993). 25. TranSched Systems Ltd. v.Federal Ins. Co., 67 F.Supp.3d 523 (D.R.I. 2014). 26. Travelers Ins. Co. v. Waltham Indus. Labs. Corp., 883 F.2d 1092 (1st Cir.1989). 27. Vandenberg v. Super. Ct., 982 P.2d 229 (Cal. 1999). 28. Waste Corp. of Am., Inc. v. Genesis Ins. Co., 382 F. Supp. 2d 1349 (S. D. Fla. 2005). 29. West Tex. Refinery v. Commissioner, 68 F.2d 77, (10th Cir. 1933). 30. Winnacunnet Coop. Sch. Dist. v. Nat`l Union Fire Ins. Co., 84 F.3d 32 (1st Cir.1996)
(九) 英國法院判決 1. Ageas (UK) Ltd v. Kwik-Fit (GB) Ltd & Anor [2014] EWHC 2178 (QB). 2. Buckingham v. Francis [1986] 2 All ER 738. 3. Golden Strait Corporation v. Nippon Yusen Kubishka Kaisha [2007] UKHL 12, [2007] 2 AC 353. 4. Infiniteland Ltd v. Artisan Contracting Ltd [2004] EWHC 955 (Ch). 5. Ng v. Crabtree [2011] EWHC 1834 (Ch). |
Description: | 碩士 國立政治大學 法律學系 104651035 |
Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104651035 |
Data Type: | thesis |
DOI: | 10.6814/NCCU202000425 |
Appears in Collections: | [法律學系] 學位論文
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