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    Title: ISIS崛起對美俄在敘利亞競合之研究
    Study on the rise of ISIS in relation to U.S.-Russia co-competition
    Authors: 張育璇
    Chang, Yu-Hsuan
    Contributors: 連弘宜
    Lien, Hung-Yi
    張育璇
    Chang, Yu-Hsuan
    Keywords: 敘利亞
    美國
    俄羅斯
    伊斯蘭國
    Syria
    the U.S.
    Russia
    ISIS
    Date: 2019
    Issue Date: 2020-03-02 11:31:29 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 2011年敘利亞國內發生了反政府的示威活動,國內陷入一片混亂。在7月份時有七位敘利亞的政府軍官變節成立了「敘利亞自由軍」 (Free Syria Army, FSA) 的反政府武裝組織,加上外國勢力的干預,揭開了長達約8年的內戰。美國與俄羅斯在敘利亞的內戰中扮演了重要的參與角色,雙方也有各自的盟軍、各自的陣營,互相在敘利亞的事務上爭奪地緣政治利益。

    當恐怖組織ISIS在2014年迅速崛起、發展、擴張後,讓整個原本形勢就很複雜的敘利亞局勢又加入了一個更複雜的因子,也影響了美、俄在敘利亞的對峙。

    透過比較ISIS崛起前後,美、俄兩方的戰略、競合變化,以了解雙方在敘利亞棋局中的勢力消長。
    In 2011, anti-government demonstrations occurred in Syria which made the country chaotic. Afterwards, 7 government army officers emerged to found “Free Syria Army” (FSA), an anti-government force, then the eight-years-civil-war began. The U.S. and Russia played important roles in the Syria civil war, and both had their own allies to scramble for geopolitical interests.

    When the terror organization ISIS suddenly rose and expanded into power in 2014, it not only complicated the Syrian circumstance, but also affected the confrontation between U.S. and Russia in Syria.

    When comparing the changes to the U.S. and Russia’s strategies after ISIS rose, we can see how the power in Syrian Chessboard has changed.
    Reference: 一、中文部分
    (一)專書
    汪毓瑋,《恐怖主義威脅及反恐政策與作為(上)》,新北市:元照出版社,2016年。

    汪毓瑋,《恐怖主義威脅及反恐政策與作為(下)》,新北市:元照出版社,2016年。

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    林佑柔譯,瑞斯•埃利希(Reese Erlich)原著。《敘利亞內幕(Inside Syria)》,新北市:好優文化,
    2016年。

    洪玉珊譯,蕾塔.拿波里奧尼(Loretta Napoleoni)原著。《這才是伊斯蘭國!:史上最強「黑暗經
    濟體」,用營銷策略顛覆全球秩序》台北:究竟出版社,2015年。

    黃開譯,史蒂芬.高望(Stephen Gowans)原著。《敘利亞戰爭:美國從不公開的中東地緣博弈與野心(Washington’s Long War on Syria)》,台北:大寫出版,2017年。

    張穎綺譯,塞繆爾.羅洪(Samuel Laurent)原著。《ISIS大解密》,新北市:立緒文化事業有限
    公司,2015年。

    鄧伯宸、徐大成譯,安迪.凱文(Andy Carvin)原著。《遙遠的目擊者:阿拉伯之春紀事(Distant
    Witness: social media, the Arab spring and a journalism revolution)》,新北市:立緒文化,2013
    年。

    鄭保國。《美國霸權探析》,台北市:秀威資訊,2009年。
    謝佩妏譯,米爾頓‧費歐斯特(Milton Viorst)原著。《以阿拉之名:1400年的伊斯蘭聖戰(Storm from
    the East: The Struggle Between the Arab World and the Christian West) 》,新北市:左岸文化,
    2009年。

    (二) 期刊

    丁隆,〈解碼瓦哈比〉。《世界知識》,第21期,2014年11月,頁39-43。

    丁工,〈中東格局新特徵與秩序演變新方向〉。《和平與發展》,第2期,2019年,頁117-132。

    牛新春,〈美國的中東政策:延續與變化〉。《當代世界》,第3期,2018年3月。

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    左鵬,〈攻城掠地 思想蠱惑 廣開財源“伊斯蘭國”如何進行“準國家化”統治〉。《人民論壇》,第3期,2016年,頁66-67。

    包承章、孫德剛,〈「伊斯蘭國」組織與中東恐怖主義治理新理念〉。《理論視野》,2016年2月,頁57-62。

    朱泉鋼、張子介,〈美國敘利亞危機政策〉。《當代世界》,第3期,2013年3月,頁45-47。

    朱蓓蕾,<「伊斯蘭國」新興恐怖威脅評析>。《展望與探索》,第14卷第2期,2016年2月,頁17-24。

    汪毓瑋,〈歐巴馬總統論述打擊『伊斯蘭國』戰略及反恐情勢之發展〉。第12卷第11期,《展望與探索》,2014年11月,頁85-100。

    宋斌,〈從阿拉伯之春看美國新干涉主義〉。《鄭州航空工業管理學院學報》,第33卷第4期,2014年,頁9-11。

    李景然,〈論伊斯蘭國的資金鏈及其影響〉。《阿拉伯世界研究》,第6期,2014年11月。

    李群英,〈中俄『攜手』制衡美國-軍事打擊敘利亞〉。《海峽評論》,第274期,2013年10月,頁22-25。

    李群英,〈美國「重返亞洲」與美俄冷戰-美俄角力敘利亞:新冷戰的到來?〉。《海峽評論》,
    第267期,2013年3月1日,頁28-33。

    李紹先,〈大國勢力博弈敘利亞〉。《當代世界》,第3期,2012年3月21日,頁2-6。

    周鑫宇,〈美國在敘利亞問題上的三重困境〉。《世界知識》,第19期,2013年10月,頁40-41。

    岳漢景,〈敘利亞去化武的開啟、走勢及地區影響〉。《世界經濟與政治論壇》,第1期,2014年1月,頁70-81。

    林子立,〈美歐俄在敘利亞議題之競爭關係〉。《全球政治評論》,第52期,10月,2015年,頁23-28。

    孫若怡,〈美國製的顏色革命 敘利亞的動亂〉。《海峽評論》,第245期,2011年5月1日,頁9-12。

    高飛,〈俄羅斯介入敘利亞會如何影響中東局勢的變化?〉。《當代世界》,第2期,2016年2月,頁18-19。

    姜書益,〈俄羅斯宣布從敘利亞撤軍的後續〉,《觀察》,第33期,2016年5月。

    姜書益,〈從敘利亞問題看俄羅斯重返中東〉。《觀察》,第43期,2017年3月。

    袁燦興,〈俄羅斯緣何出兵敘利亞〉。《文史天地》,第2期,2016年,頁4-7。

    唐志超,〈俄羅斯強勢重返中東及其戰略影響〉。《當代世界》,2018年3月。

    馬曉霖,〈”奧巴馬主義”與敘利亞危機〉。《阿拉伯世界研究》,第1期,2017年,頁61-74。

    連弘宜,〈俄美兩國在敘利亞問題上的交鋒〉。《戰略安全研析》,103期,2013年11月,頁46-53。

    許庄斯,〈傳媒與恐怖主義的共生〉。《世界知識》,第15期,2011年,頁52-53。
    崔小西,〈俄羅斯對敘利亞危機政策分析〉。《哈爾濱學學報》,第35卷第5期,2014年,頁31-34。

    閆文虎,〈美國對中東民主化改造戰略〉。《西亞非洲》,第1期,2005年,頁44-48。

    陳能鏡、陳怡安,〈川普中東政策影響評析〉。《展望與探索》,第16卷第2期,2018年2月,頁
    7- 15。
    陳能鏡、陳怡安,〈析論敘利亞內戰國際化〉。《展望與探索》,第16卷第6期,2018年6月,頁148-158。

    紹峰,〈進退失據:奧巴馬反恐戰略評析〉。《當代世界》,第12期,2015年,頁2-6。

    盛世良,〈俄羅斯為什麼從敘利亞撤軍?〉,《黨建》,第4期,2016年4月,頁62-64。

    畢洪業,〈出兵、撤軍:普京的敘利亞戰略考量〉,《世界態勢》,第7期,2016年,頁37-39。

    畢洪業,〈敘利亞危機、新地區戰爭 與俄羅斯的中東戰略〉。《外交評論》,第1期,2016年1月6號。

    畢洪業,〈中東戰略的支點:俄羅斯地緣外交中的敘利亞〉。《俄羅斯東歐中亞研究》,第2期,2016年,頁24-35。

    黃柏欽,〈俄羅斯在敘利亞執行軍事行動之原因探析〉。《國防雜誌》,第31卷第2期,2016年6月,頁31-54。

    黄黎洪,〈特朗普政府的中東再平衡戰略研究〉。《渤海大學學報》,卷39,第5期,2017年,頁42-48。

    董漫遠,〈敘利亞危機政治解决前景研探〉。《國際問題研究》,第6期,2013年,頁19-29。

    董漫遠,〈敘利亞亂局:博弈新態勢與前景〉。《國際問題研究》,第5期,2018年10月8日。

    詹馥榕,〈敘利亞「化武危機」 與俄羅斯「化武換和平」的國際倡議〉,《西北民族大學學報》,第6期,2014年6月,頁41-46。

    鄭亮,〈『伊斯蘭國』新媒體宣傳和招募的策略〉。《青年記者》,第12期,2016年4月,頁84-86。

    楊光影、劉娜,〈在網絡奇觀中建立「抵抗性認同」:「伊斯蘭國」網絡視頻對西方穆斯林青年的影解讀〉。《中國青年研究》,第11期,2015年11月,頁73-77。

    廖百智,〈阿拉伯之春與顏色革命〉。《江南社會學院學報》,第5卷,第2期,2015,頁16-20。

    鄧猛、王成、張志勇,〈從俄空襲敘境内IS 看其兵力運用及打擊成效〉。《現代軍事》,第5期,
    2016年,頁50-54。

    鮑雨,〈「伊斯蘭國」對西方國家的網絡政治營銷策略〉。《江南社會學院學報》,第18卷第2期,
    2016年6月,頁17-21。

    錢尹鑫,〈從2015年巴黎恐怖攻擊事件分析國家治理與戰略競合〉。《海軍學術雙月刊》,第52卷第1期,2018年1月7日,頁122-136。

    錢文榮,〈從美軍事打擊敘利亞 看特朗普外交決策特點〉。《和平與發展》,第3期,2017年,第14-24頁。

    劉紀未,〈從打擊“伊斯蘭國”行動透視俄羅斯反恐新態勢〉。《和平與發展》,第4期,2016年 ,
    頁106-119。

    盧文豪,〈「伊斯蘭國」的崛起與美國作為之探討〉。《國防雜誌》,第30卷,第1期,2015年1
    月。

    韓克敵,〈特朗普的對俄政策 與美俄關係的四個維度〉。《俄羅斯東歐歐亞研究》,第4期,2017
    年,頁57-74。

    謝游麟,〈俄羅斯出兵敘利亞之意涵〉。《戰略安全研析》,第125期,2015年9月,頁14-22。

    謝敏捷,〈美國的中東政策──布希總統推動中東民主的機會與挑戰〉。《台灣國際研究季刊》,第1 卷,第3期,2005年。

    (三) 學者、專業評論於網路資源或電子期刊

    花俊雄,「美埃軍方聯手迫使穆巴拉克下台」,海峽評論,第244期,2011年4月,
     https://www.haixia-info.com/articles/5866.html,最後查閱時間:2020/1/1

    黃維德編譯,經濟學人著,「誰是大贏家 美國離開敘利亞,然後呢?」,天下雜誌,2019年1月8日,
    https://www.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=5093585,最後查閱時間:2020/1/1

    孫超群,「後 ISIS 時代的敘利亞:俄國撐腰的『橄欖枝行動』,是否將令美國『敘北夢碎』?」,歐亞前線,2018年2月7日,
    https://crossing.cw.com.tw/blogTopic.action?id=802&nid=9419,最後查閱時間:2020/1/1

    張衛婷,「北約三國空襲與敘利亞秩序重塑」,上海國際問題研究院,2018年4月21日,
    http://www.siis.org.cn/Research/Info/4464,最後查閱時間:2020/1/1


    二、英文部分
    (一) 英文書
    Fitzgerald, David and David Ryan , Obama, US foreign policy and the dilemmas of intervention. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014.

    Stern, Jessica and J. M Berger , ISIS: The State of Terror, New York: Harper Collins, 2015.

    (二) 英文期刊
    Borshchevskaya, Anna, “Moscow’s Middle East Resurgence: Russia’s Goals Go beyond Damascus”.
    Middle East Quarterly, Vol.25, No.1, 2018, pp.1-13.

    Bratersky, Maxim,“Russia and Peacekeeping Operations: Conceptual and Practical Components of
    Russia’s Policy”, International Organisations Research Journal, Vol.13, No.1, 1 March 2018,
    pp.157-170.

    Charap, Samuel, “Russia, Syria and the Doctrine of Intervention”, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, Vol.55, No. 1, January 31, 2013, pp. 35-41.

    Ford, Robert, “What is Trump’s Real Policy in Syria?” Al Jazeera Centre for Studies, 21 May 2018, pp.1-12.

    Galloway, Chris, “Media jihad: What PR can learn in Islamic State’s public relations masterclass”, Public Relations Review, 3, April, 2016, pp.582-589.

    Medi Semati and Piotr M. Szpunar, “ISIS beyond the spectacle: communication media, networked
    publics, terrorism”, Critical Studies in Media communication, Vol 3, No.1 5, January, 2018, pp.1-
    7.

    Porter, Gareth, “Chemical attacks in Syria: How US Intel Went Wrong”, Middle East Policy, Vol. 23, No. 3, 2016. pp.100-111.

    Vitale, Heather Marie and James M. Keagle, “A Time to Tweet, as Well as a Time to Kill: ISIS’s Projection of Power in Iraq and Syria”. Defense Horizon, No.77, October 2014.

    The Economist,“In Russia`s defeat he trusts; America and Syria”, The Economist, vol. 417,
    November 28, 2015, pp. 23-34.

    The Economist, “A hollow superpower; Russian foreign policy”, The Economist, Vol.418, March 19, 2016.

    Zelin, Aaron Y. , “The War between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement” , Research Notes, No.20, June 2014, pp.1-11.

    (三) 電子期刊、專業評論與智庫研究
    Achar, Gilbert, “Greater Middle East: the US Plan”, LE MONDE Diplomatique, April 2004.
    https://mondediplo.com/2004/04/04world , the last review: 2019/12/29

    Erasmus, “A pastor becomes a pawn in a spat between America and Turkey”, Economist, 30, September, 2017,
    https://www.economist.com/erasmus/2017/09/30/a-pastor-becomes-a-pawn-in-a-spat-between-america-and-turkey , the last review: 2019/12/29

    Glenn, Cameron, “Timeline: US Policy on ISIS”, Wilson Center, 27, April, 2016,
    https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/timeline-us-policy-isis , the last review: 2019/12/29

    Garikai Chengu, “America Created Al-Qaeda and the ISIS Terror Group”, Global Research, 28, October , 2019,
    https://www.globalresearch.ca/america-created-al-qaeda-and-the-isis-terror-group/5402881 , the last review: 2019/12/29

    Jeffery Goldberg, “The Obama Doctrine”, The Atlantic, April, 2016,
    https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/04/the-obama-doctrine/471525/ , the last review: 2019/12/29

    Jeffrey D. Sachs, “Trump’s Syria Withdrawal is a Chance for Peace”, Project Syndicate, January 2, 2019,
    https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/trump-syria-withdrawal-chance-for-peace-by-jeffrey-d- sachs-2019-01?barrier=accesspaylog , the last review: 2019/12/29

    Humud, Carla E., Christopher M. Blanchard and Mary Beth D. Nikitin, “Armed Conflict in Syria: Overview and U.S. Response”, Congressional Research Service, 28, September, 2016,
    https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33487.pdf , the last review: 2019/12/29

    Hassan, Hassan, “Out of dessert, ISIS’s strategy of long war”, Middle East Institute, 6, September,
    2018,
    https://www.mei.edu/publications/out-desert-isiss-strategy-long-war , the last review: 2019/12/29

    Joshua Landis,“Free Syrian Army Founded by Seven Officers to Fight the Syrian Army”, Syria Comment, 29, July, 2011,
    https://www.joshualandis.com/blog/free-syrian-army-established-to-fight-the-syrian-army/ , the last review: 2019/12/29

    Lela Gilbert, “Book Review: After ISIS by Seth Frantzman”, perspective papers of BESA center, 18,
    December, 2019,
    https://besacenter.org/topics/isis/#.Xgq2O1Uzapo , the last review: 2019/12/29

    Nelson, Michael , “Barack Obama: Forgien Affairs”, Miller Center, 2019,
    https://millercenter.org/president/obama/foreign-affairs , the last review: 2019/12/29

    Olga, Khazan, “ 3 reasons not to get excited about syria`s agreement on chemical weapon “, The
    Atlantic, 10 September 2013,
    https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/09/3-reasons-not-to-get-excited-about-syrias-agreement-on-chemical-weapons/279543/ , the last review: 2019/12/29

    White, Jeffery, “Assad’s armed opposition: The Free Syrian Army”, policy analysis of Washington Institute, November 30, 2011,
    https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/asads-armed-opposition-the-free-syrian-army , the last review: 2019/12/29

    White, Jeffery, “Assad’s armed opposition: The Free Syrian Army”, policy analysis of Washington
    Institute, November 30, 2011. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/asads-armed-opposition-the-free-syrian-army , the last review: 2019/12/29

    “ Report: ISIS Has At Least 46,000 Twitter Followers.”, Wilson Center, 6, March, 2015,
    https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/report-isis-has-least-46000-twitter-followers , the last review:
    2019/12/29

    Simcox, Robin, “Did Trump Really Beat ISIS?”, The Heritage Foundation, 29, January, 2018,
    https://www.heritage.org/middle-east/commentary/did-trump-really-beat-isis , the last review:
    2019/12/29

    “Syria: Next on the list? A wave of unrest has finally reached one of the region`s most repressive regimes.”, The Economist, March 24, 2011,
    https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2011/03/24/next-on-the-list?story_id=18446885 , the last review: 2019/12/29

    “Timeline: the Rise, Spread, and Fall of the Islamic State”, Wilson Center, 30, April, 2019,
    https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/timeline-the-rise-spread-and-fall-the-islamic-state, the last
    review: 2019/12/29


    三、政府、國際組織官方網站
    (一) 中文部分
    「阿拉伯敘利亞共和國問題獨立國際調查委員會」,聯合國人權理事會官網(中文版),https://www.ohchr.org/CH/HRBodies/HRC/IICISyria/Pages/IndependentInternationalCommission.aspx,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「第66屆會議文件」,聯合國大會官網(中文版),
    http://www.un.org/zh/ga/66/docs/index.shtml,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「第66屆聯大通過有關敘利亞問題的新決議」,聯合國官網(中文版),2012年8月3日,
    https://news.un.org/zh/story/2012/08/17789,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「人權理事會將就敘利亞人權狀況舉行特别會議」,聯合國官網(中文版),2011年4月2
    日,
    https://news.un.org/zh/story/2011/04/150932,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「人權理事會通過決議譴責敘利亞暴力並延長獨立調查委員會任期」,聯合國官網(中文版),2012年3月23日:
    https://news.un.org/zh/story/2012/03/170502,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「人權理事會再次通過決議遣責敘利亞侵犯人權行為」,聯合國官網(中文版),2012年7
    月6日:
    https://news.un.org/zh/story/2012/07/176432,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「2020年前俄羅斯聯邦國家安全戰略」,俄羅聯邦外交部官網(中文版),
    http://cn.mid.ru/foreign_policy/founding_document/303,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    (二) 英文部分
    “About 1800 civilians are among the nearly 4650 killed by Russian air and missile strikes in Syria”,
    SOHR, 18, March, 2016,
    http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=45197 , the last review: 2019/12/28

    Approved by President of the Russian Federation V. Putin,“Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian
    Federation” , The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, 12 February 2013.
    http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/official_documents/-/asset_publisher/CptICkB6BZ29/content/id2542248 , the last review: 2019/12/28

    “Country Reports on Terrorism 2014”, U.S. Department of State, 19, June, 2015,
    https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2014/ , the last review: 2019/12/28

    “Country Reports on Terrorism 2015”, U.S. Department of State, 2, June, 2016, https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2015//index.htm , the last review: 2019/12/28

    “Country Reports on Terrorism 2016”, U.S. Department of State, 19, July, 2017,
    https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2016/ , the last review: 2019/12/28

    Department of Homeland Security,” Remarks by Secretary of Homeland Security Jeh Johnson at the Woodrow Wilson Center”, DHS official news archive, 7, February, 2014,
    https://www.dhs.gov/news/2014/02/07/remarks-secretary-homeland-security-jeh-johnson-woodrow-wilson-center , the last review: 2019/12/28

    “OPCW: All Category 1 Chemicals Declared by Syria Now Destroyed”, OPCW , 28 August 2014:
    https://www.opcw.org/media-centre/news/2014/08/opcw-all-category-1-chemicals-declared-syria-now-destroyed , the last review: 2019/12/28

    Press Releases, “Joint Statement Issued by Partners at the Counter-ISIL Coalition Ministerial Meeting, U.S. Department of State, 3, December, 2014
    https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/12/234627.htm , the last review: 2019/12/28

    “Roundtable Discussion on the Middle East Issues: Activities of the White Helmets Organization in Syria”, UN web TV, 20, December, 2018,
    http://webtv.un.org/www.unwomen.org/en/news/watch/roundtable-discussion-on-the-middle-east-issues-activities-of-the-white-helmets-organization-in-syria/5982221816001/?term=&page=18 , the last review: 2019/12/28

    The White House Office of the Press Secretary, “Remarks by the President Obama at NATO summit press conference”, The White House, 5, September, 2014,
    https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/05/remarks-president-obama-nato-summit-press-conference , the last review: 2019/12/28

    The White House Office of the Press Secretary , “Strategy to Counter the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)”, TheWhite House, 10, September, 2014,
    https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/10/fact-sheet-strategy-counter-islamic-state-iraq-and-levant-isil , the last review: 2019/12/28

    “SYRIA 2014 International Religious Freedom Report”, state.gov. U.S. Department of State, 2014,
    https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/238690.pdf , the last review: 2019/12/28

    Security Council,” Letter dated 19 May 2015 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 1267(1999) and 1989 (2011) concerning Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entitiesaddressed to the President of the Security Council”, UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL, S/2015/358(Monitoring Team`s report on foreign terrorist fighters), 19, May, 2015,
    https://www.undocs.org/S/2015/358 , the last review: 2019/12/28

    Security Council, “Security Council Unanimously Adopts Resolution 2254 (2015), Endorsing Road Map for Peace Process in Syria, Setting Timetable for Talks”, UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL, S/RES/2254 (2015) 18, December, 2015,
    https://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sc12171.doc.htm , the last review: 2019/12/28

    四、新聞媒體
    (一) 中文部分
    「2016年,敘利亞內戰五週年」,Global Voice,2016年6月20日,
    https://zht.globalvoices.org/specialcoverage/2016%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%8815%E6%97%A5%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0%E4%BA%94%E9%80%B1%E5%B9%B4/,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「美英法等國明確表態要求阿薩德下台」,BBC中文,2011年8月18日,https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world/2011/08/110818_syria_world_leaders,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「敘利亞衝突:中俄否決聯合國制裁議案」,BBC中文,2017年3月1日,
    https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world-39124329,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「俄中否決安理會譴責敘利亞決議案」,BBC中文,2012年2月4日,https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world/2012/02/120204_syria_resolution_veto,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「俄羅斯:證據顯示敘利亞叛軍使用化武」,BBC中文,2013年9月18日:
    https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world/2013/09/130918_syria_russia_chemical_weapon,最後
    查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「美國女子用比特幣為『伊斯蘭國』組織輸送資金」,BBC中文,2017年12月25日:
    http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world-42363941,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「敘利亞日內瓦和談結束 未取得任何成果」,BBC中文,2014年2月15日,
    https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world/2014/02/140215_syria_talk_fail,最後查閱時間:
    2020/1/6

    「美英法攻擊敘利亞給朝鮮問題提供什麼借鑒」,BBC中文,2018年4月15日,
    https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world-43772141,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    Jonathan Marcus,「國際縱橫:俄軍在敘行動一週年 普京收益如何?」,BBC中文,2016年10
    月1日,
    https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world/2016/10/161001_outlook_russia_syria#_=_,最後查
    閱時間:2020/1/6

    「敘利亞戰爭」,BBC中文,2015年12月19日:
    https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world/2015/12/151219_syria_united_nations_resolution,最
    後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「俄政府聲稱已炸死IS首腦巴格達迪 美國軍方仍抱持懷疑」,ET Today新聞雲,2017年6月
    17日,
    https://www.ettoday.net/news/20170617/946872.htm,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「俄空襲炸死伊斯蘭國4高官 包括在美受訓IS戰爭部長」,ET Today新聞雲,2017年9月9
    日,
    https://www.ettoday.net/news/20170909/1007400.htm,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6
    「IS已被軍事終結! 伊朗+伊拉克領導人一同發聲證實」,ET Today新聞雲,2017年11月22 日,
    https://www.ettoday.net/news/20171122/1057338.htm,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    柯沛辰,「川普大事情揭曉:『禽獸』IS領袖被軍犬追 哭喊帶3孩陪葬自爆」,ET Today 新聞雲,2019年10月27日,
    https://www.ettoday.net/news/20191027/1566526.htm,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    覃博雅、肖紅,「普京稱俄在敘軍事行動花費約4.8億美元」,人民網,2016年3月18日,http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0318/c1002-28209213.html,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    劉如穎,「戰地天使攏系假?白頭盔成員遭爆料 玩屍體、勾結恐怖組織」,三立新聞網,2017年6月25日,
    www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=266105,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    田文林,「顏色革命之禍1\\顏色革命禍亂中東\\中國現代國際關係研究院研究員\\田文林」,大公報,2019年8月27日,
      http://www.takungpao.com.hk/news/232111/2019/0827/341469.html,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    聯大人權理事會通過譴責敘利亞決議」,大紀元,2011年11月23日:
    http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/11/11/23/n3437807.htm,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「UN人權理事會通過決議譴責敘利亞」,大紀元,2012年3月3日:http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/12/3/3/n3529318.htm,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「敘化武襲擊 為何被西方視為跨越『紅線』」,大紀元,2018年4月13日:
    http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/18/4/12/n10299122.htm,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「聯合國五大國討論敘化武決議 現嚴重分歧」,大紀元,2013年9月18日:
    http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/13/9/18/n3966444.htm,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「獲美支持敘聯軍遭俄戰機誤襲 死傷不明」,大紀元,2017年3月2日,
    https://hk.epochtimes.com/news/2017-03-02/%E7%8D%B2%E7%BE%8E%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E6%95%98%E8%81%AF%E8%BB%8D%E9%81%AD%E4%BF%84%E6%88%B0%E6%A9%9F%E8%AA%A4%E8%A5%B2-%E6%AD%BB%E5%82%B7%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%8E-77305666,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「美國支持的敘利亞民主力量:ISIS徹底瓦解」,大紀元,2019年3月24日,
    https://hk.epochtimes.com/news/2019-03-24/35184513,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「以史為鏡|西方鼓吹『顏色革命』 中東承受惡果」,巴士的報BASTILL POST,2019年07月2日,  
    https://www.bastillepost.com/hongkong/article/4773835-%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%B2%E7%82% BA%E9%8F%A1%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E9%BC%93%E5%90%B9%E3%80%8C%E9%A1%8F%E8%89%B2%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E3%80%8D-%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%B1%E6%89%BF%E5%8F%97%E6%83%A1%E6%9E%9C?current_cat=157277 ,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    張翠容,「庫德族悲歌—難以擺脫的歷史與地緣政治糾纏」,民報,2019年11月7日,
    https://www.peoplenews.tw/news/268bb392-467a-4536-9062-2924e7e8d38a,最後查閱時間:
    2020/1/6

    「美國飛彈報復有原因 敘化武攻擊非首次」,中央廣播電台,2018年4月14日,
    https://www-static-cdn.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/405422/collectionId/640,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    李協芳,「200名美軍續留敘利亞 川普:撤軍計劃未大轉彎」,中央廣播電台,2019年2月23
    日,
    https://www.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2012346,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「捍衛敘利亞撤軍決定 川普:美國不再當世界警察」,中央通訊社,2018年12月27日,
    https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/201812270026.aspx,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「川普下令撤軍敘利亞 美國兩大黨議員罕見齊開罵」,中央通訊社,2019年10月8日,https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201910080294.aspx,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「俄羅斯官方痛斥美國發言人對俄發出威脅」,中新網,2016年9月31日,
    http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2016/09-30/8019655.shtml,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    蔡致仁,「阿塞德與IS 交戰兼買賣石油」,中時電子報,2015年12月12日,https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20151212000370-260108?chdtv,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    蔡萱,「昔狠批歐巴馬『6宗罪』 川普上任90天全做盡」,中時電子報,2017年4月18日,
    https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20170418004471-260408?chdtv,最後查閱時間:
    2020/1/6

    呂承哲,「中美貿易戰別看笑話! 學者:照川普性格…台灣慘了」,中時電子報,2019年1月
    21日,
    https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20190121001837-260410?chdtv ,最後查閱時間:
    2020/1/6

    吳映璠,「川普遭爆撤軍後無計畫!這國恐撐不起美勢力」,中時電子報,2019年1月21日,
    https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20190121002579-260408?chdtv,最後查閱時間:
    2020/1/6

    王嘉源 、張嘉浩,「政策矛盾 助長IS崛起 假藉民主更迭政權 美留一堆爛攤子」,中國時報,
    2016年4月12日,
    https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20160412000421-260501?chdtv,最後查閱時間:
    2020/1/6

    大衛.沙曼,「ISIS用遊戲和社交媒體拉攏年輕人」,以色列時報,2014年9月22日:
    https://www.timesofisrael.com/isis%E7%94%A8%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E5%92%8C%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%A4%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E6%8B%89%E6%8B%A2%E5%B9%B4%E8%BD%BB%E4%BA%BA/,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    古莉,「敘利亞日內瓦第7輪和談啟動」,世界之聲,2017年10月7日,
    http://trad.cn.rfi.fr/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%B1/20170710-%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%97%A5%E5%85%A7%E7%93%A6%E7%AC%AC7%E8%BC%AA%E5%92%8C%E8%AB%87%E5%95%9F%E5%8B%95,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「美俄妥協 安理會罕見通過制裁ISIS決議」,多維新聞,2015年12月18日,http://news.dwnews.com/global/big5/news/2015-12-18/59704319.html,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    魏國金,「俄國斡旋成功 敘同意交出化武」,自由時報,2013年9月11日。
    https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/paper/712779,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    李信漢,「俄潛艦射巡弋飛彈轟炸IS」,自由時報,2015年12月10日,
    http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/paper/939312,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「遭聯軍切斷後路 ISIS四面楚歌」,自由時報,2017年7月1日,
    https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/2117775,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「俄軍轟炸敘利亞 美國:打的不是IS」,自由時報,2015年9月30日,
    https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/1461440,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「搞錯地方了? 俄羅斯戰機誤炸美軍基地」,自由時報,2016年7月23日,https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/1772152,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「美國找到空襲門路 ISIS石油收入遭重創」,每日頭條,2016年7月29日,
    https://kknews.cc/zh-tw/world/xvrozo.html,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    段九州、陳琪,「從『誤炸』事件透視美國的敘利亞政策」,每日頭條,2016年10月8日,https://kknews.cc/zh-tw/world/exjzay.html,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「俄媒:土耳其政變未遂多虧俄羅斯事前通風報信」,每日頭條,2016年7月22日,https://kknews.cc/zh-tw/world/pq6v8p.html,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    夏至點,「『伊斯蘭國』 ISIS是怎麼被美國打敗的?」,每日頭條,2018年2月1日,
    https://kknews.cc/zh-tw/world/mevnl4z.html,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「伊朗 伊拉克齊公布 指軍事上已剿滅ISIS」,香港01,2017年11月22日https://www.hk01.com/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B/135434/%E4%BC%A%E6%9C%97%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E9%BD%8A%E5%85%AC%E5%B8%83%E6%8C%87%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E4%B8%8A%E5%B7%B2%E5%89%BF%E6%BB%85isis,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    毛詠琪,「【土耳其政變】 美國據引渡居倫 促使土耳其親俄遠美」,香港01,2016年7月1日,
    https://www.hk01.com/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B/32047/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A-%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%8B%92%E5%BC%95%E6%B8%A1%E5%B1%85%E5%80%AB-%E4%BF%83%E4%BD%BF%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%A6%AA%E4%BF%84%E9%81%A0%E7%BE%8E,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    李祉慧,「俄羅斯首借伊朗基地空襲伊斯蘭國 凸顯介入中東事務野心」,風傳媒,2016年8月
    19日,
    https://www.storm.mg/article/156094,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「伊斯蘭國徹底「亡國」了?俄羅斯宣稱敘利亞已脫離IS掌控 美國卻說:話說太早」,風傳
    媒,2017年12月8日,
    https://www.storm.mg/article/369498,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    李忠謙,「化武攻擊事件為何讓國際社會憤怒?」,風傳媒,2015年3月15日:
    https://www.storm.mg/article/43807,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    李忠謙,「敘利亞反抗軍被炸 歐巴馬:俄國出兵根本是災難之源」,風傳媒,2015年10月3
    日,
    https://www.storm.mg/article/68137,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    李忠謙,「【中英全文對照】美國應當尊重盟邦、提防中俄,您不贊同就另請高明吧:川普虎臣
    的辭職信」,風傳媒,2018年12月21日,
    https://www.storm.mg/article/735957,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    方君竹,「聯合國車隊在敘利亞被炸》美:就是俄國戰機幹的!俄:美國在轉移誤炸點」,風傳媒,2016年9月21日,
    https://today.line.me/tw/pc/article/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8A%E9%9A%8A%E5%9C%A8%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%A2%AB%E7%82%B8%E3%80%8B%E7%BE%8E%EF%BC%9A%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E4%BF%84%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%B0%E6%A9%9F%E5%B9%B9%E7%9A%84%EF%BC%81%E4%BF%84%EF%BC%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%A8%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB%E8%AA%A4%E7%82%B8%E7%84%A6%E9%BB%9E-8f818d2306b68f147a497026995b81298f1f147dd8711f711ebd9d853c3e6889,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    魏嘉瑀,「川普上任2周年》擁抱強人、拋棄盟友、放空民主人權……川普外交政策成形,全
    球準備接招!」,風傳媒,2019年,1月20日,
    https://www.storm.mg/article/845206,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    閻紀宇,「敘利亞撤軍危機》川普為政策辯護:美國不再充當「中東警察」伊斯蘭國是別人的
    事」,風傳媒,2018年12月21日, https://www.storm.mg/article/734510?fbclid=IwAR37vpXuUzMFekwPbE2uhNrZocMfE42Wwm4MaKXvyEcB4gDZRUhgLJzfK6M,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    Baranrd, Anne and Somini Segupta,「美國轉變敘利亞政策,不再堅持阿薩德下台」,紐約時報
    中文網,2015年1月20日,
    https://cn.nytimes.com/world/20150120/c20syria/zh-hant/,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    Haberman, Maggie and Nick Corasaniti,「川普:歐巴馬和希拉蕊是ISIS的創建者」,紐約時報
    中文網,2016年8月12日,
    https://cn.nytimes.com/world/20160812/donald-trump-obama-isis/zh-hant/ ,最後查閱時間:
    2020/1/6

    Michael Wolgelenter,「關於美英法空襲敘利亞,你需要了解的七大問題」,紐約時報中文網,
    2018年4月6日,
    https://cn.nytimes.com/world/20180416/syria-russia-united-states-airstrikes/zh-hant/ ,最後查閱時
    間:2020/1/6

    Thrush, Glenn,「川普稱自己有『絕對權利』與俄分享情報」,紐約時報中文網,2017年5
    月17日,
    https://cn.nytimes.com/usa/20170517/trump-intelligence-russia-classified/zh-hant/,最後查閱時間:
    2020/1/6

    「中俄否決安理會對敘利亞制裁議案」,紐約時報中文網,2012年7月20日,
    https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20120720/c20nations/zh-hant/,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「『大中東計畫』困擾阿拉伯世界,」華夏經緯網,2004年5月31日,
    http://big5.huaxia.com/js/jsgc/00207004.html,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「中俄否決聯合國譴責敘利亞決議 美國表示憤怒」,新唐人電視台,2011年10月5日,
    http://ca.ntdtv.com/xtr/b5/2011/10/05/a598483.html,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    謝心潔、王明宇,「十大國際新聞之七:敘利亞化武攻擊 引爆國際外交角力」,新唐人電視
    台,2013年2月28日:
    https://www.ntdtv.com/b5/2013/12/28/a1032457.html,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「白宮宣布從敘利亞撤軍 川普:美國已做夠多」,新唐人電視台,2019年10月8日,
    https://www.ntdtv.com/b5/2019/10/07/a102681063.html,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    洪翠蓮,「美俄關係急速惡化 敍利亞停火協議喊卡」,新頭殼,2016年10月4日,
    https://newtalk.tw/news/view/2016-10-04/77818,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「俄認炸敘目標不限IS 空襲或擴至伊拉克 暗戰變國際衝突」,鉅亨新聞,2015年10月2 日,
    https://news.cnyes.com/news/id/246121,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「聯軍炸死90敘政府軍 俄轟美暗助ISIS 停火協議恐難產」,鉅亨新聞,2016年9月19日,https://news.cnyes.com/news/id/3544543,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「〈分析〉全球合力反恐 ISIS難逃衰落」,鉅亨網新聞,2015年12月23日, https://news.cnyes.com/news/id/402933?fbclid=IwAR1t_zwseHj2sT0hqdNHvcyxrUA7Ng8W4-sVkz47zTTzgvnAhKqB35uFA,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    「歐巴馬:終結敘利亞內戰或政治和解 阿薩德必須下台」,鉅亨網新聞,2015年11月2日,
    https://news.cnyes.com/news/id/398741,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    田思怡,「川普獅子大開口 『向美駐軍國 另收50%費用』」,聯合新聞網,2019年3月9日,
    https://udn.com/news/story/11314/3687040,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    袁源,「阿盟宣布與敘利亞斷交」,國際金融報,2012年7月24日,http://paper.people.com.cn/gjjrb/html/2012-07/24/content_1086478.htm,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    劉瑞芬,「愛上提著人頭的IS戰士」,鏡週刊,2017年5月3日,https://www.mirrormedia.mg/story/20170503int_fbi_loves_terrorist/,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    王世純,「敘軍聲稱找到白頭盔虛假化武襲擊拍攝地點」,觀察者,2018年4月11日,
    https://www.guancha.cn/military-affairs/2018_04_11_453368_s.shtml ,最後查閱時間:2020/1/6

    (二)英文部分
    “Alissa De Carbonnel,“Russia, France at loggerheads over Syria report”, Mail & Guardian, 17 September 2013,
    https://mg.co.za/article/2013-09-17-russia-france-at-loggerheads-over-syria-finding , the last
    review: 2020/1/4

    Baker, Peter and Jonathan Weisman, “Obama Seeks Approval by Congress for Strike in Syria.”, The
    New York Times, 31 August 2013:
    https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/01/world/middleeast/syria.html , the last review: 2020/1/4

    Borger, Julain and Nick Hopkins,”West training Syrian rebels in Jordan” The Guardian, March 8, 2013,
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/08/west-training-syrian-rebels-jordan , the last review: 2020/1/4

    Broomield, Matt, “Twitter Shouts Down 125,000 ISIS Linked Accounts.”, IDEPENDENT, 6, February, 2016:
    https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/125000-isis-linked-accounts-suspended-by-twitter-a6857371.html , the last review: 2020/1/4

    “Barack Obama`s victory speech: Full text”, The Telegragh, November 5. 2018,
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/3383581/Barack-Obamas-victory-speech-Full-text.html , the last review: 2020/1/4

    “Breaking: Chemical Weapons Attack in Latamneh, Hama Injures 70”, reliefweb, 30, March, 2017,
    https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/breaking-chemical-weapons-attack-latamneh-hama-injures-70 , the last review: 2020/1/4

    CNN Library, “ISIS Fast Facts”, CNN News, 1, May, 2019 data updated,
    https://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/08/world/isis-fast-facts/index.html , the last review: 2020/1/4

    Calderwood, Imogen, “`This is for Paris`: Russian pilots write messages of support for terror victims on their bombs before launching latest air raids and cruise missile strikes against ISIS”, Mail Online, 20, November, 2015,
    https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3327456/Russia-unleashes-cruise-missiles-Caspian-Sea-tagets-Syria-steps-bombing-campaign.html , the last review: 2020/1/4

    Diamond, Jeremy, “Trump: Let Putin fight ISIS in Syria”, CNN, 28, September, 2015,
    https://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/27/politics/donald-trump-isis-syria-russia-60-minutes/index.
    html , the last review: 2020/1/4

    Diamond, Jeremy, “Trump: Let Putin fight ISIS in Syria”, CNN, 28, September, 2015,
    https://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/27/politics/donald-trump-isis-syria-russia-60-minutes/index.
    html , the last review: 2020/1/4

    Dilanian, Ken and Kevin Monahan, “Obama Nixed CIA Plan That Could Have Stopped ISIS: Officials”, NBC News, April 2, 2016,
    https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/obama-nixed-cia-plan-could-have-stopped-isis-officials-n549111 , the last review: 2020/1/4

    Dearden, Lizzie, “Al-Qaeda leader denounces Isis `madness and lies` as two terrorist groups compete for dominance”, IDEPENDENT, 13 January, 2017: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/al-qaeda-leader-ayman-al-
    zawahir i-isis-madness-lies-extremism- islamic-state-terrorist-groups-compete-a7526271.html , the last review: 2020/1/4

    Goldenberg, Ilan and Nicholas A. Heras, “Obama’s ISIS policy is working for Trump”, The Washington Post, 25, January, 2018,
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2018/01/25/obamas-isis-policy-is-working-for-trump/?arc404=true&fbclid=IwAR3sPUi-p-N7iX5RKNldnRBE7SzbQ8L7KMOXbXeDY02PJMxrGlw5ON8P7QI , the last review: 2020/1/4

    Hase, Tobias, “ISIS supporters turning into Instagram ‘stories’to share propaganda-study.RT.”, RT , 20, September, 2017,
    https://www.rt.com/usa/404011-isis-instagram-stories-propaganda/ , the last review: 2020/1/4

    “Iraq: US air strike on Islamic State militants in Iraq”, BBC, 4, August, 2014,
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28709530 , the last review: 2020/1/4

    “Islamic State conflict: 10,000 militants killed in nine months – US”, BBC, 3, June, 2015,
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-32990299, the last review: 2020/1/4

    “John Kerry statement on US intervention in Syria – full text”, The Guardian, 30 August 2013,
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/30/john-kerry-statement-us-intervention-syria
    “James Mattis` resignation letter in full”, BBC, 21, December, 2018,
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46644841, the last review: 2020/1/4

    Khazan, Olga, “ 3 reasons not to get excited about syria`s agreement on chemical weapon “, The
    Atlantic, 10 September 2013,
    https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/09/3-reasons-not-to-get-excited-about-syrias-agreement-on-chemical-weapons/279543/, the last review: 2020/1/4

    Karouny, Mariam and Ayla Jean Yackley, “Air strikes said to hit Islamic State oil refineries in Syria”, REUTERS, 28, September, 2014,
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis/air-strikes-said-to-hit-islamic-state
    -oil-refineries-in-syria-idUSKCN0HN0G O20140928 , the last review: 2020/1/4

    Kyle Atwood, “U.S. freezes funding for Syria`s &quot;White Helmets&quot;”, CBS news, 30, May, 2018, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/u-s-freezes-funding-for-syrias-white-helmets/, the last review: 2020/1/4

    Lichfield, John, &quot;Syria crisis: Regime has given Russia `proof` of rebel chemical weapon use&quot;, The Independent, 17 September 2013,
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/syria-crisis-regime-has-given
    -russia-proof-of-rebel-chemical-weapon-use- 8822185.html , the last review: 2020/1/4

    Levs, Josh, “What`s the evidence of Syrian chemical weapons attack?”, CNN, 4 September 2013,
    https://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/04/world/syria-us-evidence-chemical-weapons-attack/index
    .html , the last review: 2020/1/4

    McKirdy, Euan “8 times Russia blocked a UN Security Council resolution on Syria”,CNN, 13, April 2017,
    https://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/13/middleeast/russia-unsc-syria-resolutions/index.html , the
    last review: 2020/1/4
    Myre, Greg “U.S., Russia Working On A Plan To Coordinate Bombing In Syria”, NPR, 14, July, 2016, https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/07/14/486005012/u-s-russia-working-on-a-plan-to-coordinate-bombing-in-syria , the last review: 2020/1/4

    Meyer, Henry, Brad Cook and Ilya Arkhipov,&quot;Russia Warns U.S., NATO Against Military Aid to Syria Protests After Libya&quot;, Bloomberg, 2 June 2011,
    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-06-01/russia-warns-u-s-nato-against-militar
    y-aid- to-syria-protests-after-libya , the last review: 2020/1/4

    Marcus, Jonathan, “Syria conflict: Trump troop pullout raises questions”, BBC, 19, December, 2018,
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-46626115 , the last review: 2020/1/4

    Omar, Ammr Cheikh, Richard Engel and Aggelos Petropoulos, “Smuggler of Stolen Artifacts From
    Palmyra Speaks Out About ISIS` Illicit Operation”, NBC News, April 7, 2016,
    https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/smuggler-stolen-artifacts-palmyra-speaks-out-about-isis-illicit-operation-n551806 , the last review: 2020/1/4

    Obama administration, “Barack Obama`s TV address on Isis: full text”, The Guardian, 11,
    September, 2014,
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/11/barack-obama-tv-speech-on-isis-full-text ,
    the last review: 2020/1/4

    Oliphant, Roland, “US intelligence on Syria gas attack `unconvincing`, says Russia”, The
    Telegraph, 2 September 2013,
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10280017/US-intelligence-on-Syria-gas-attack-unconvincing-says-Russia.html , the last review: 2020/1/4

    Putin, Vladimir, “A Plea for Caution From Russia”, New York Times, 11 September 2013,
    https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/12/opinion/putin-plea-for-caution-from-russia-on-syria.
    html , the last review: 2020/1/4

    “Russian missiles ‘hit IS from Caspain Sea’ ”, BBC, 7, October, 2015,
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34465425 , the last review: 2020/1/4

    Stewart, Phil and Tom Perry, “U.S. and Arab allies launch first strikes on militants in Syria”, BBC, 23 September, 2014,
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-usa-strikes/u-s-and-arab-allies-launch-first-strikes-on- militants-in-syria-idUSKCN0HI03A2014092 , the last review: 2020/1/4

    “Syria chemical attack: What we know”, BBC, 24 September 2013:
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-23927399 , the last review: 2020/1/4

    “Syria: US begins air strikes on Islamic State targets”, BBC, 23, September, 2019,
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29321136 , the last review: 2020/1/4

    “Syria conflict: Russia`s Putin orders `main part` of forces out”, BBC, 14, March, 2016,
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35807689 , the last review: 2020/1/4

    “Syrian crisis: Russia air strikes `strengthen IS`”, BBC, 2, October, 2015,
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34431027 , the last review: 2020/1/4

    “Syria chemical `attack`: Russia faces fury at UN Security Council”, CNN, 5, April, 2017,
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39500319 , the last review: 2020/1/4

    “Syria: Trump tweets `Mission Accomplished` after Western forces launch air strikes in response to chemical weapons attack”, ABC News, 15, April, 2018,
    https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-14/us-to-strike-syria-in-response-to-chemical-weapons-attack/9658900 , the last review: 2020/1/4

    Solomon, Jay And Nour Malas , “U.S. Bolsters Ties to Fighters in Syria”, The Wall Street Journal, June 13, 2012.
    https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303410404577464763551149048 , the last review: 2020/1/4

    Sherwood, Harriet, Sandra Laville, Kim Willsher, Ben Knight, Maddy French and Lauren Gambino, ”Schoolgirl jihadis: the female Islamists leaving home to join ISIS fighters.”, The Guardian, 29, April ,2014 ,
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/29/schoolgirl-jihadis-female-islamists-leaving-home-join-isis-iraq-syria , the last review: 2020/1/4

    Young, Karen De, ”U.S. vows to double nonlethal aid to Syrian rebels as opposition backers reach accord”, Washington Post, April 20, 2013,
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/kerry-in-istanbul-joins-quest-for-common-ground-on-aid-to-syrian-rebels/2013/04/20/896b39e6-a9d0-11e2-b029-8fb7e977ef71_story.html?utm_term=.7690563d19d2 , the last review: 2020/1/4

    “3000 millitants including ISIS members flee Syria as Russia drops leaflets demandind surrender”, International Business Times, 5, October, 2015,
    https://www.ibtimes.co.in/3000-militants-including-isis-members-flee-syria-russia-drops-leaflets-demanding-surrender-649284 , the last review: 2020/1/4


    五、網路資源
    (一) 中文網站、資料庫
    「敘利亞化武攻擊懶人包」,地球圖輯隊,2013年8月29日,
    https://dq.yam.com/post.php?id=1067,最後查閱時間:2020/1/5

    「邊緣地帶論」,壹讀,2015年7月1日,https://read01.com/zh-tw/58dEKm.html#.XE1hVSuUe5U,最後查閱時間:2020/1/5

    「敘利亞化武攻擊懶人包」,地球圖輯隊,2013年8月29日:https://dq.yam.com/post.php?id=1067,最後查閱時間:2020/1/5

    彭振宣,「美國為何變得軟弱(上):追溯『美國衰退論』的迷思源頭」,關鍵評論,2017年9月13 日,
    https://www.thenewslens.com/article/79338,最後查閱時間:2020/1/5

    雷薩.阿斯蘭(Reza Aslan),「瓦哈比與沙烏地結盟不僅改變伊斯蘭教歷史,更改變了世界地緣政治平衡」,關鍵評論,2018年9月2日,
    https://www.thenewslens.com/article/102595,最後查閱時間:2020/1/5


    (二) ISIS影音、圖片、官方電子雜誌
    Video shot by Al-Hayat Media Center (ISIS’ official media center), “Video: Islamic state
    media branch releases `The end of Sykes-Picot` “, Belfast Telegraph, 1, July, 2014,
    https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/video-news/video-islamic-state-media-branch-releases-the-end-of-sykespicot-30397575.html , the last review: 2020/1/5

    Video: “Boy In ISIS Propaganda Video Claims To Be 10-year-old American”, TODAY, 24,
    August, 2017,
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PDXkB-K_rZw , the last review: 2020/1/5

    recruitment for ISIS, 圖片連結,
    https://andelino.wordpress.com/2015/12/23/lie-of-the-year-2015/isis-recruitment-campaign
    -01/ , the last review: 2020/1/5

    propaganda on ISIS, 圖片連結, http://www.trotat.de/2015/01/drohnen-panzer-youtube-videos-die-niederlage-des-westens-gegen-simple-web-propaganda/ISIS , the last review: 2020/1/5

    圖片連結:Juan Wes,“El ISIS amenaza ahora a Cristiano Ronaldo de cara al Mundial de Rusia”, Cuatro, 30, October, 2017,
    https://www.cuatro.com/deportes/ISIS-Cristiano-Ronaldo-Mundial-Rusia_0_2459625414.
    html , the last review: 2020/1/5

    “The Ruling On The Belligerent Christians “, Rumiya, Issue 9, 4, May, 2017, https://qb5cc3pam3y2ad0tm1zxuhhowpengine.netdnassl.com/wpcontent/uploads/2017/05/Rumiyah-9.pdf , the last review: 2020/1/5

    Dabiq and Rumiyah internal download site,
    https://clarionproject.org/islamic-state-isis-isil-propaganda-magazine-dabiq-50/ , the last
    review: 2020/1/5

    (三) 川普Twitter推文
    Donald J. Trump, “We have defeated ISIS in Syria, my only reason for being there during the
    Trump Presidency.”, Twitter, 19, December, 2018,
    https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1075397797929775105 , the last review: 2020/1/5

    Donald J. Trump, “Aftrer historic victories against ISIS, It’s time to bring our young people
    home!.”, Twitter, 19, December, 2018,
    https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1075528854402256896?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1075528854402256896&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.udn.com%2Fmoney%2Fstory%2F10511%2F3549360 , the last review: 2020/1/5

    Donald J. Trump, “Big wins against ISIS!”, Twitter, 11, July, 2017,
    https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/884750055776948225 , the last review: 2020/1/5

    Donald J. Trump, “ISIS is on the run & will soon be wiped out of Syria & Iraq, illegal border
    crossings are way down (75%) & MS 13 gangs are being removed.”, Twitter, 12, July, 2017,
    https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/885092844511387654 , the last review: 2020/1/5

    Donald J. Trump, “Under Trump, gains against #ISIS have dramatically accelerated.”, Twitter, 5, Agust, 2017,
    https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/893957896190533632 , the last review: 2020/1/5

    Donald J. Trump, “...to terrorism and airline flight safety. Humanitarian reasons, plus I want Russia to greatly step up their fight against ISIS & terrorism.”, Twitter, 16, May, 2017,
    https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/864438529472049152 , the last review: 2020/1/5

    Donald J. Trump, “Many dead, including women and children, in mindless CHEMICAL attack in Syria. Area of atrocity is in lockdown and encircled by Syrian Army, making it completely
    inaccessible to outside world. President Putin, Russia and Iran are responsible for backing
    Animal Assad. Big price...”, Twitter, 8, April, 2018,
    https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/982966315467116544 , the last review: 2020/1/5

    Donald J. Trump, “We have defeated ISIS in Syria, my only reason for being there during the Trump Presidency.”, Twitter, 19, December, 2018,
    https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1075397797929775105 , the last review: 2020/1/5

    Donald J. Trump, “After historic victories against ISIS, It’s time to bring our young people
    home!.”, Twitter, 19, December, 2018, https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1075528854402256896?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1075528854402256896&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.udn.com%2Fmoney%2Fstory%2F10511%2F3549360 , the last review: 2020/1/5
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    外交學系戰略與國際事務碩士在職專班
    106922005
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106922005
    Data Type: thesis
    DOI: 10.6814/NCCU202000228
    Appears in Collections:[Masters Program in Strategic and International Affairs] Theses

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