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| Title: | 析論WTO暨RTA/FTA地理標示制度之建立
Analysis of the establishment of the geographical indication system among the WTO and the RTA/FTA |
| Authors: | 趙化成
Chao, Hua-Cheng Chris |
| Contributors: | 鄧中堅
Teng, Chung-Chian
趙化成
Chao, Hua-Cheng Chris |
| Keywords: | 地理標示
世界智慧財產權組織
世界貿易組織
與貿易有關之智慧財產權協定
爭端解決機構
區域貿易協定/自由貿易協定
Geographical Indication
WIPO
WTO
TRIPS
DSB
RTA/FTA |
| Date: | 2019 |
| Issue Date: | 2019-09-05 17:20:52 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本文以歷史研究途徑，闡釋地理標示從世界智慧財產權組織(WIPO)到世界貿易組織(WTO)的概念變換、WTO地理標示制度談判進程、爭端解決機構(DSB)地理標示爭端案件的結果，以及相關區域貿易協定/自由貿易協定(RTA/FTA)地理標示制度的發展。
作為智慧財產權之一部，地理標示捍衛特定產品及其獨特品質。惟因WIPO國際複邊公約並無強制拘束力，為保障歐盟在地理標示制度的核心利益，歐盟不僅催生WTO，更促成將地理標示制度納入與貿易有關之智慧財產權協定(TRIPS)，成為第1個國際多邊的地理標示制度。
美國為首集團與歐盟為首集團等2大集團會員，在WTO杜哈回合談判之「葡萄酒與蒸餾酒之地理標示多邊通知與註冊制度」議題，就其法律效力及參與模式等迄無共識。另2005年歐盟以及美國與澳洲曾有DSB地理標示爭端案，勝負互見。2大集團未來仍將在WTO繼續進行艱困戰鬥。
本文擇選具代表性FTA歸納發現，作為地理標示制度的倡議者，歐盟持續運用其龐大經貿優勢，建立較有利於歐盟的RTA/FTA地理標示制度，但也給予貿易談判對手會員有限度例外來相互衡平所需。
This dissertation employs historical research approach to explore the concept shift of the geographical indication (GI) from the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to the World Trade Organization (WTO), the progress of the GI negotiation in the WTO, the findings of EC-GI Regulation dispute in the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), and the development of the GI system in the Regional Trade Agreement/Free Trade Agreement (RTA/FTA).
As an integral part of Intellectual Property Rights, GI safeguards the characteristic quality of specific products. However, due to the non-binding nature of the WIPO plurilateral agreements, to secure its major interests, the EU has not only advocated for the WTO regime, but endorsed the codification of GI in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), making it the first multilateral GI system in the world.
In the Doha Round of WTO negotiations, the US-led and the EU-led groups have not yet reached consensus on "the establishment of a multilateral system of notification and registration of GIs for wines and spirits," especially in its legal effects and participations. Meanwhile there was the GI Regulation dispute between the EU, and the US and Australia in the DSB in 2005. Both sides came to the tug-of-war. They will continue their uphill battles in the WTO.
After analyzing the leading FTAs, this dissertation finds that as the demandeur of the GI system, the EU leverages its vast economic and trade advantages to establish a sui generis system of the GI in the RTA/FTA, which is more favourable to the EU, while giving its counterparts limited exceptions to balance the needs of both sides. |
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官方文獻
(1)歐盟官方文獻及出版品
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Regulation (EU) No 251/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the definition, description, presentation, labelling and the protection of geographical indications of aromatised wine products and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 1601/91, OJ L 84, 20.3.2014.
(2)美國官方文獻及出版品
“CHAPTER SEVENTEEN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS of the U.S.-Chile Free Trade Agreement,” Office of the United States Trade Representative, <https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/agreements/fta/chile/asset_upload_file912_4011.pdf> (last visited June 30, 2019).
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(3)WIPO官方文獻及出版品
WIPO Lex, “Convention de Paris pour la protection de la propriété industrielle (1883),” <https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/287780>.
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World Intellectual Property Organization, “Agreement between the World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Trade Organization (1995),” <https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_223.pdf>.
World Intellectual Property Organization, Geographical Indications: An introduction, <https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=272> (2017), pp. 6-7.
World Intellectual Property Organization, WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use, 2nd Edition (Geneva: WIPO, 2004), pp. 120, 126-127.
(4)WTO官方文獻及出版品
“Disputes by agreement,” World Trade Organization, <https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_agreements_index_e.htm> (last visited June 30, 2019).
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“Regional Trade Agreements and the WTO: An Introduction,” World Trade Organization, <https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/region_e/scope_rta_e.htm> (last visited June 30, 2019).
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Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Special Session, Communication from Hong Kong, China: Multilateral System of Notification and Registration of Geographical Indications under Article 23.4 of the TRIPS Agreement, WTO Doc. TN/IP/W/8 (23 April 2003).
Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Special Session, Communication from the European Communities: Geographical Indications, WTO Doc. TN/IP/W/11 (14 June 2005).
Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Special Session, Prepared by the Secretariat: Side-By-Side Presentation of Proposals, WTO Doc. TN/IP/W/12 (14 September 2005), and TN/IP/W/12/Add.1 (4 May 2007).
Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Special Session, Submission by Argentina, Australia, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Paraguay, the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu, South Africa and the United States: Proposed Draft TRIPS Council Decision on the Establishment of a Multilateral System of Notification and Registration of Geographical Indications for Wines and Spirits, WTO Doc. TN/IP/W/10/Rev.4 (31 March 2011).
Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Special Session, Report by the Chairman, Ambassador Darlington Mwape (Zambia) to the Trade Negotiations Committee for the purpose of the TNC stocktaking exercise: Multilateral System of Notification and Registration of Geographical Indications for Wines and Spirits, WTO Doc.TN/IP/21 (21 April 2011).
Field, Catherine, “Negotiating for the United States,” in Jayashree Watal and Antony Taubman eds., The Making of the TRIPS Agreement: Personal insights from the Uruguay Round Negotiations, <https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/trips_agree_e/history_of_trips_nego_e.pdf>(2015), pp. 147-148.
Panel Report, European Communities – Protection of Trademarks and Geographical Indications for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs, WTO Doc. WT/DS290/R (adopted 20 April 2005).
Reinbothe, Jorg, “Negotiationg for the European Communities and Their Member States,” in Jayashree Watal and Antony Taubman eds., The Making of the TRIPS Agreement: Personal Insights from the Uruguay Round Negotiations, <https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/trips_agree_e/history_of_trips_nego_e.pdf>(2015), pp. 190, 194, 195-197.
Status Report, European Communities – Protection of Trademarks and Geographical Indications for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs, WTO Doc. WT/DS290/23/Add.3 (11 April 2006), pp. 1-2.
Trade Negotiations Committee, Communication from Albania, Brazil, China, Colombia, Ecuador, the European Communities, Iceland, India, Indonesia, the Kyrgyz Republic, Liechtenstein, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Pakistan, Peru, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, the ACP Group and the African Group: Draft Modalities for TRIPS Related Issues, WTO Doc. TN/C/W/52 (19 July 2008).
Valdes, Raymundo, and Maegan McCann, “Intellectual Property Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements: Revision and Update,” Staff Working ERSD-2014-14, World Trade Organization, <https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201414_e.pdf >, pp. 21-24.
Wasescha, Tran, Thu-Lang, “Negotiating for Switzerland,” in Jayashree Watal and Antony Taubman eds., The Making of the TRIPS Agreement: Personal insights from the Uruguay Round Negotiations <https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/trips_agree_e/history_of_trips_nego_e.pdf>(2015), pp. 177-178.
World Trade Organization, Declaration on The TRIPS Agreement and Public Health of 14 November 2001, WTO Doc. WT/MIN(01)/DEC/2.
World Trade Organization, Doha Work Programme Ministerial Declaration of 18 December 2005, WTO Doc. WT/MIN(05)/DEC.
World Trade Organization, Ministerial Declaration of 14 November 2001, WTO Doc. WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1.
(5)其他官方文獻及出版品
“1858537 - Nürnberger Bratwürste,” Canadian Trademarks Database, <http://www.ic.gc.ca/app/opic-cipo/trdmrks/srch/viewTrademark?id=1858537&lang=eng&tab=reg> (21.09.2017).
“1858610 - Jambon de Bayonne,” Canadian Trademarks Database, <http://www.ic.gc.ca/app/opic-cipo/trdmrks/srch/viewTrademark?id=1858610&lang=eng&tab=reg> (21.09.2017).
“1858615 – Beaufort,” Canadian Trademarks Database, <http://www.ic.gc.ca/app/opic-cipo/trdmrks/srch/viewTrademark?id=1858615&lang=eng&tab=reg> (21.09.2017).
Rangnekar, Dwijen, Geographical Indications- A Review of Proposals at the TRIPS Council: Extending Article 23 to Products other than Wines and Spirits (Geneva: UNCTAD/ICTSD, 2003), p. 15-24.
Rangnekar, Dwijen, The Socio-Economics of Geographical Indications: A Review of Empirical Evidence from Europe (Geneva: UNCTAD/ICTSD, 2004), pp. 19-23, 34-35.
Vivas-Eugui, David and Christophe Spennemann, “The Treatment of Geographical Indications in Recent WTO Discussions and in Regional and Bilateral Agreements,” ICTSD, <https://www.ictsd.org/sites/default/files/downloads/2009/01/gis20dv2020cs20rev2020sa20dialogue-pdf.pdf> (October 2006), pp. 36-40.
專書
Gervais, Daniel, TRIPS Agreement: Drafting History and Analysis (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1998), pp. 10-11, 119-138.
Giovannucci, Daniele, Tim Josling, William Kerr, Bernard O’Connor, and May T. Yeung, Guide to Geographical Indications: Linking Products and Their Origins (Geneva: International Trade Centre, 2009), pp. 107-115.
May, Christopher, The Global Political Economy of Intellectual Property Rights, The new enclosures, Second Edition (London; New York: Routledge, 2010), pp. 3-5.
期刊論文
Awad, Bassen, and Marsha S. Cadogan, “CETA and the Future of Geographical Indications Protection in Canada,” Centre for International Governance Innovation, Papers No. 131(May 2017), p. 6.
Bremmers, Harry J., “Trade Effects of Geographical Indications,” Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Vol. 10, No. 1(2015), pp. 53-55.
Cadogan, Marsha Simone, “Making Agricultural and Food-based Geographical Indications Work in Canada,” Centre for International Governance Innovation, Policy Brief No. 125(March 2018), pp. 4-5.
Calboli, Irene, “Expanding the Protection of Geographical Indications of Origin Under TRIPs: ‘Old’ Debate or ‘New’ Opportunity?”, Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review, Vol. 10, No. 2(2006), pp. 182-183.
Calboli, Irene, “Time to Say Local Cheese and Smile at Geographical Indications of Origin? International Trade and Local Development in the United States,” Houston Law Review, Vol. 53, No. 2(2015), pp. 373-419.
Carbone, Anna, “Food Supply Chains: Coordination Governance and Other Shaping Forces,” Agricultural and Food Economics, Vol. 5, No. 3(2017), pp. 16-17.
Cherry, Judith, “The Hydra revisited: expectations and perceptions of the impact of the EU-Korea free trade agreement,” Asia Europe Journal, Vol. 16(2018), pp. 19-35.
Couter, Yves van, and Florence d’Ath, “Protecting the Origin of Foodstuffs in the European Union: Indications of Origin and Trademarks as Intellectual Property Tools,” European Food & Feed Law Review, Vol. 4(2016), p. 307.
Craven, Emily, and Charles Mather, “Geographical Indications and the South Africa-European Union Free Trade Agreement,” Area, Vol. 33, No. 3(2001), pp. 312-320.
Crump, Larry, “Negotiation Process and Negotiation Context,” International Negotiation, Vol.16(2011), pp. 217-219.
Das, Kasturi, “The Protracted WTO Battle over a Multilateral GI Register: What Lies Beneath?” Journal of World Trade, Vol. 49, No. 6(2015), pp. 1073-1102.
De Rosa, Marcello, Felice Adinolfi, Luca Bartoli, and Silvia Chiappini, “The Aptitude to Promote Value Creation in GI Areas through The Adoption of Rural Development Policies,” International Agricultural Policy, Vol. 1(2014), pp. 33-45.
Di Gregorio, Dante, “Place-based Business Models for Resilient Local Economies: Cases from Italian Slow Food, Agritourism and The Albergo Diffuso,” Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, Vol. 11(2017), pp. 113-128.
Engelhardt, Tim, “Geographical Indications Under Recent EU Trade Agreements,” International Review of Industrial Property and Copyright law, Vol. 46, No.7(2015), pp.791-793, 797, 813, 815-816.
Gangjee, Dev, “Melton Mowbray and the GI Pie in the Sky: Exploring Cartographies of Protection,” Intellectual Property Quarterly, Vol. 3(2006), pp. 301-303.
Gibb, Richard, “Globalisation and Africa’s Economic Recovery: a Case Study of the European Union-South Africa Post-Apartheid Trading Regime,” Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 29, No. 4(2003), p. 885.
Goebel, Burkhart, and Manuela Groeschl, “The Long Road to Resolving Conflicts between Trademarks and Geographical Indications,” The Trademark Reporter, Vol.104, No. 4(2014), p. 863.
Guei, Kore, Gift Mugano, and Pierre Le Roux, “Revenue, welfare and trade effects of European Union Free Trade Agreement on South Africa,” South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 1(2017), pp. 1-11.
Harvey, D. Peter, “Geographical Indications: The United States’ Perspective,” The Trademark Reporter, Vol.107, No. 5(2017), pp. 963-964.
Ji, Seongtae, and JeongHo Yoo, “A study on the changes of agricultural import structure according to implementation of FTAs in South Korea,” Journal of Korea Trade, Vol. 22, No. 1(2018), pp. 2-16.
Marie-Vivien, Delphine, and Estelle Bienabe, “The Multifaceted Role of the State in the Protection of Geographical Indications: A Worldwide Review,” World Development, Vol. 98(2017), pp. 1-11.
Meloni, Giulia, and Johan Swinnen, “Trade and Terroir: The Political Economy of the World’s First Geographical Indications,” Food Policy, Vol. 81 (2018), pp. 1-20.
Moir, Hazel V. J., “Understanding EU Trade Policy on Geographical Indications,” Journal of World Trade, Vol. 51, No. 6(2017), pp. 1021-1042.
Raustiala, Kal, and Stephen R. Munzer, “The Global Struggle over Geographic Indications,” The European Journal of International Law, Vol. 18, No. 2(2007), p. 365.
Sell, Susan K., “Industry Strategies for Intellectual Property and Trade: The Quest for TRIPS, and Post-TRIPS Strategies,” Cardozo Journal of Intellectual and Comparative Law, Vol.10(2002), pp. 79-108.
Sidali, Katia L., and Silvia Scaramuzzi, “Group Heterogeneity and Cooperation in the Governance of Geographical Indications”, International Agricultural Policy, Vol. 1(2014), pp. 21-31.
Suh, Jeongwook, and Alan MacPherson, “The impact of geographical indication on the revitalization of a regional economy: a case study of Boseong green tea,” Area, Vol. 39, No. 4(2007), pp. 518-527.
Viju, Crina, May T. Yeung, and William A. Kerr, “Geographical Indications, Conflicted Preferential Agreements, and Market Access,” Journal of International Economic Law, Vol. 16, No. 2(May 2013), pp. 409-437.
Wang, Xiaoyan, “Absolute Protection for Geographical Indications: Protectionism or Justified Rights?” Queen Mary of Journal of Intellectual Property, Vol.8, No. 2(2018), pp. 73-88.
Wehner, Leslie, “Chile’s Rush to Free Trade Agreement,” Revista de ciencia politica, Vol. 31, No. 2(2011), pp. 220-224.
書籍專章或論文
Antons, Christoph, and Reto M. Hilty, “Introduction: IP and the Asia-Pacific ‘Spaghetti Bowl’ of Free Trade Agreements,” in Christoph Antons and Reto M. Hilty eds., Intellectual Property and Free Trade Agreements in the Asia-Pacific Region (Heidelberg: Springer, 2015), pp. 3-4.
Calboli, Irene, “Geographical Indications between Trade, Development, Culture, and Marketing: Framing a Fair(er) System of Protection in the Global Economy?” in Irene Calboli and Ng-Loy Wee Loon eds., Geographical Indications at the Crossroads of Trade, Development, and Culture (United Kingdom: Cambridge, 2017), pp.10-11.
Calboli, Irene, “Of Markets, Culture, and Terroir: The Unique Economic and Culture-related Benefits of Geographical Indications of Origin,” in Daniel J. Gervais ed., International Intellectual Property (UK: Edward Elgar, 2015), pp. 447-448.
Evans, Gail, and Michael Blakeney, “The Internal Protection of Geographical Indications Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow,” in Guido Westkamp ed., Emerging Issues in Intellectual Property: Trade, Technology and Market Freedom (UK: Edward Elgar, 2007), p. 287.
Frankel, Susy, “Geographical Indications and Mega-Regional Trade Agreement and Negotiations,” in Irene Calboli and Ng-Loy Wee Loon eds., Geographical Indications at the Crossroads of Trade, Development, and Culture (United Kingdom: Cambridge, 2017), pp.147-167.
Kampf, Roger, “WTO TRIPS and FTAs: A World of Preferential or Detrimental Relations?” in Christopher Heath and Anselm Kamperman Sanders eds., Intellectual Property and Free Trade Agreements (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2007), pp. 92-95.
Moir, Hazel V. J., “Geographical Indications: An Assessment of EU Treaty Demands,” in Annmarie Elijah, Don Kenyon, Karen Hussey and Pierre van der Eng eds., Australia, the European Union and the New Trade Agenda (Canberra Australia: ANU, 2017), pp. 130-134.
研討會論文
Ballatore, Benedetto Francesco, “Controls and enforcement of GIs in the EU,” presented for 2019 EU-Taiwan Seminar on Geographical Indications (Taipei: European Economic and Trade Office, and Intellectual Property Office, March 20, 2019), pp. 70, 78-80.
Kim, Heetae, “Changes in IP Laws after FTAs- Law revisions and Implementation,” presented for 2018 FTAAP Capacity Building Workshop on Intellectual Property Rights under the 3rd REI CBNI (Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, June 27-28, 2018), pp. 4-5, 17-18.
Lubinga, Moses Herbert, Simphiwe Ngqangweni, Bonani Nyhodo, Yolanda Xpotelwa, Stephanie van Derwalt, Lucius Phaleng, and Thandeka Ntshangase, “Geographical Indication (GI) in the Wine Industry: Does it matter?” presented for 24th Annual Conference (Bologna Italy: the European Association of Wine Economists (EuAWE), 7-10 June 2017), pp. 2-3, 14-15.
Meier-Ewert, Wolf, “WTO/TRIPS Agreement and Recent Trends of Global Intellectual Property Issues,” presented for 2018 FTAAP Capacity Building Workshop on Intellectual Property Rights under the 3rd REI CBNI (Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, June 27-28, 2018), pp. 37-38.
Meier-Ewert, Wolf, “WTO/TRIPS-plus Agenda in FTA Negotiations on Intellectual Property,” presented for 2018 FTAAP Capacity Building Workshop on Intellectual Property Rights under the 3rd REI CBNI (Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, June 27-28, 2018), pp. 19-22.
Nathon, Natalie, “The EU GI system and the recent legislative developments,” presented for 2019 EU-Taiwan Seminar on Geographical Indications (Taipei: European Economic and Trade Office, and Intellectual Property Office, March 20, 2019), p. 10.
其他
“EU Official: TTIP Negotiation Hardest on Procurement, Services, Ag, GIs,” Inside U.S. Trade (March 24, 2016), <http://lists.citizenstrade.org/pipermail/ctcfield-citizenstrade.org/2016-March/000832.html> (last visited June 30, 2019).
“Geographical Indications: Hear from the Experts,” INTA, <https://www.inta.org/PDF%20Library/2018Daily/2018DailyNews_Day2.pdf> (May 20, 2018), p. 8.
“What Does Old World and New World Refer To?” Worldatlas, <https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-does-old-world-and-new-world-refer-to.html> (last visited June 30, 2019).
Ghazalian, Pascal L., and Bahareh Mosadegh Sedghy, “Changes in Canada’s Preferential Trade Network and the Welfare Effects in Agricultural Markets,” Munich Personal RePEe Archive, <https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/92997> (31 March 2019), p. 6.
Raimondi, Valentina, Chiara Falco, Daniele Curzi, and Alessandro Olper, “The Trade Effects of the European Union Geographical Indications Policy,” in Strengthening European Food Chain Sustainability by Quality and Procurement Policy, STRENGTH2FOOD, <https://www.strength2food.eu/ > (February 2018), p. 4.
Ruse-Khan, Henning Grosse, and Teemu Alexander Puutio, “A Handbook on Negotiating Development Oriented Provisions in Trade and Investment Agreements,” Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade (ARTNeT), <https://artnet.unescap.org/publications/books-reports/handbook-negotiating-intellectual-property-provisions-trade-agreements> (December 2017), pp. 47-48.
Stephens, Hugh, “The NAFTA Negotiations and Canada’s Priority Watch List Designation: It’s All about the Leverage,” The School of Public Policy Publications, University of Calgary, <https://www.policyschool.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/NAFTA-and-the-PWL-Stephens-final.pdf> (May 15, 2018), pp. 1-4. |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
外交學系
982535031 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0982535031 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| DOI: | 10.6814/NCCU201900721 |
| Appears in Collections: | [外交學系] 學位論文
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