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    Title: 美國對伊拉克公眾外交政策之研究:2001年-2016年
    The U.S. Public Diplomacy in Iraq: 2001-2016
    Authors: 楊家豪
    Yang, Jia-Hao
    Contributors: 李明
    Lee, Ming
    楊家豪
    Yang, Jia-Hao
    Keywords: 公眾外交
    軟權力
    美國
    伊拉克
    文明衝突
    Date: 2019
    Issue Date: 2019-09-05 17:20:03 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 隨著二十一世紀媒體產業、資訊科技的蓬勃發展,以及全球化的推波助瀾,現今國與國之間的交流日趨頻繁,互動層次已跨越國家單位,因此各國對非傳統外交之需求日益增加,其中,又以公眾外交最具影響性。美國作為公眾外交發源地,卻在911事件發生後才重新意識到公眾外交的重要性,而與美國處於文明斷層線上的中東伊斯蘭國家,即是美國改革公眾外交策略及資源的目標地區,美國企圖透過傳遞價值及文化等軟權力,弭平雙邊根深蒂固的價值觀衝突。

    本文挑選小布希及歐巴馬時期美國對伊拉克公眾外交政策作為案例分析,係因美伊關係在此16年間,歷經911事件、美伊戰爭以及伊斯蘭國等挑戰,兩位總統分別如何運用公眾外交策略,以達成國家戰略目標,殊值探討。本文透過軟權力概念、公眾外交評估模型及美伊關係綜合評析美國對伊政策後發現,小布希政府重視政治價值觀的傳遞,而歐巴馬政府則善於運用新媒體科技進行雙向多元溝通。此外,「信任」及「信用」兩者係公眾外交政策成效的關鍵中介變因,一國政府若被他國高度信任,則軟權力則較易透過公眾外交政策傳達至該國。
    Reference: 一、官方出版品及委託案
    卜正珉,《公眾外交之概念探討與應用—各國經驗對台灣的啟示》。行政院新聞局94年度研究報告彙編,民國94年。
    張水庸,《美國「公眾外交策略及變革」作為我國公眾外交的參考》。外交部公務出國報告,民國102年。
    葉長城,《提升我國公眾外交與國家行銷策略之研究》。國家發展委員會委託財團法人中華經濟研究院,民國104年。

    二、專書
    卜正珉,《公眾外交:軟性國力,理論與策略》。臺北:允晨文化,民國98年。
    王緝思主編,《文明與國際政治:中國學者評亨廷頓的文明衝突論》。上海:人民出版社,1996年。
    朱浤源主編,《撰寫博碩士論文實戰手冊》。臺北:正中書局,民國88年。
    李靜宜譯,Nye, Joseph S. Jr.著,《權力大未來》(The Future of Power)。臺北:天下遠見出版,民國100年。
    林子銘主編,《研究生論文成功指引》。臺北:華泰文化,民國88年。
    林秀雲譯,Babbie, Earl著,《社會科學研究方法》三版(The Practice of Social Research,14th ed.)。臺北:新加坡商聖智學習,民國105年。
    林添貴譯,Nye, Joseph S. Jr.著,《美國世紀的終結?》(Is the American Century Over?)。臺北:麥田出版社,民國104年。
    周明偉,《對外傳播中的國家形象設計》。北京:外文出版社,2012年。
    吳家恆、方祖芳譯,Nye, Joseph S. Jr.著,《柔性權力》(Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics)。臺北:遠流出版社,民國95年。
    胡曉明,《國家形象》。北京:人民出版社,2011年。
    黃裕美譯,Huntington, Samuel P.著,《文明衝突與世界秩序的重建》 (The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order)。臺北:聯經出版,民國86年。
    張士智、趙慧杰,《美國中東關係史》。北京:中國社會科學出版社,1993年。
    張亞中、左正東主編,《國際關係總論》三版。新北:揚智文化,民國100年。
    鈕文英,《研究方法與論文寫作》二版。臺北:雙葉書廊,民國102年。
    葉至誠、葉立誠,《研究方法與論文寫作》三版。臺北:商鼎數位,民國100年。
    趙可金,《公共外交的理論與實踐》。上海:上海辭書出版社,2007年。
    劉華譯,Nye, Joseph S. Jr.著,《美國注定領導世界?—美國權力性質的變遷》 (Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power)。北京:中國人民大學出版社,2012年。
    錢淑瑩、郭素琴、夏慧芳等譯,Quandt, William B.著,《中東和平進程—1967年以來的美國外交和阿以衝突》(Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict since 1967)。上海:華東師範大學出版社,2009年。
    蘇進強主編,《911事件後全球戰略評估》。臺北:臺灣英文新聞出版,民國91年。

    三、期刊論文
    于朝暉,〈整合公共外交─國家形象構建的戰略溝通新視角〉。《國際觀察》,第1期,2008年,頁21-28。
    田宗會、姚大學,〈薩達姆時期伊拉克與美國關係〉。《西亞非洲》,第2期,2008年,頁32-38。
    仵勝奇,〈美國在伊拉克開展公眾外交的困境—歷史與現實〉。《蘭州學刊》,第4期,2007年6月,頁35-38。
    仵勝奇,〈美國在伊拉克開展公眾外交的困境〉。《哈爾濱工業大學學報》,第10卷第1期,2008年1月,頁21-28。
    李志永,〈公共外交相關概念辨析〉。《外交評論》,第2 期,2009年,頁57-66。
    李淑珍,〈美國深陷伊拉克戰爭困境的原因和影響〉。《思想理論教育導刊》,第7 期,2004年,頁37-40。
    李福泉,〈復興黨執政時期的伊美關係〉。《江南社會學院學報》,第6卷第2期,2004年6月,頁23-27。
    李翠亭,〈美國伊拉克戰爭對美國軟權力的影響〉。《武漢理工大學學報》,第27卷第1期,2014年1月,頁111-118。
    李衛華、焦玉奎,〈美國中東政策的緣起—羅斯福對戰後中東的構想及其影響〉。《阿拉伯世界》,第5期,2004年,頁7-10。
    李霞,〈淺析伊拉克戰爭對美國軟實力的影響〉。《學術交流》,第282期,2010年3月,頁67-68。
    杜鈴玉,〈新形勢下推動公共外交與提升國家軟實力之研究〉。《臺灣警察專科學校警專學報》,第5卷第2期,民國100年,頁265-286。
    汪波,〈美國在伊拉克戰後政治重建中的政策失誤與挫折分析〉。《國際觀察》,第4期,2006年,頁60-66。
    林碧炤,〈台灣的非傳統外交〉。《戰略安全研析》,第10期,民國95年,頁8-15。
    林玲,〈試論美國在阿拉伯—伊斯蘭世界的公共外交〉。《阿拉伯世界研究》,第6期,2006年,頁34-39。
    胡光夏、邊明道,〈美國「公共資訊委員會」對宣傳機制設立與宣傳策略應用的啟發〉。《復興崗學報》,第99期,民國99年,頁183-184。
    姜家雄,〈美國對中東國家的公眾外交〉。《公眾外交學術研討會論文集》,民國98年,頁6-8。
    段復初、莫大華,〈美國反恐戰爭的本質與戰略溝通〉。《復興崗學報》,第94期,2009年,頁1-21。
    高祖貴,〈美國在伊拉克的戰略前景〉。《現代國際關係》,第3期,2006年,頁6-10。
    唐小松、王義桅,〈美國公共外交研究的興起及其對美國對外政策的反思〉。《世界經濟與政治》,第4期,2003年,頁22-27。
    唐小松、王義桅,〈從進攻到防禦—美國公共外交戰略的角色變遷〉。《國際政治與國際關係》,第3期,2003年,頁74-86。
    唐小松、王義桅,〈公共外交對國際關係理論的衝擊:一種分析框架〉。《歐洲研究》,第4期,2003年,頁67-72。
    黃平,〈美國對阿拉伯—伊斯蘭世界的非傳統公共外交〉。《阿拉伯世界研究》,第4期,2013年,頁98-109。
    張郭,〈析論二戰後美國提升與埃及、伊拉克外交關係〉。《滁州學院學報》,第13卷第6期,2011年12月,頁33-36。
    葛騰飛,〈美國在伊拉克的“反叛亂”戰略〉。《外交評論》,第2期,2013年,頁78-94。
    趙可金,〈美國公共外交的興起〉。《復旦學報》,第3期,2003年,頁86-92。
    趙紅凱,〈淺析奧巴馬政府的「E 外交」〉。《現代國際關係》,第7期,2010年,頁22-29。
    熊光清,〈伊拉克戰爭對美國軟實力的削弱〉。《學術探索》,第2期,2005年4月,頁95-98。
    熊志勇,〈美國公眾輿論與戰爭—以朝鮮戰爭、越南戰爭和伊拉克戰爭為例〉。《外交學院學報》,第3期,2004年9月,頁45-51。
    潘亞玲,〈911後布希政府對敵人的建構〉。《外交評論》,第94期,2007年2月,頁94-101。
    韓志斌,〈美國「伊拉克改造戰略」析論〉。《外交評論》,第94期,2007年2月,頁86-93。
    韓志斌,〈從盟友到仇敵:美國與薩達姆的伊拉克〉。《大慶師範學院學報》,第27卷第1期,2007年1月,頁23-27。
    韓志斌、李鐵,〈政權移交後的美伊關係研析〉。《阿拉伯世界》,第5期,2004年,頁22-33。
    檀有志,〈軟實力戰略視角下中國公共外交體系的建構〉。《太平洋學報》,第19卷第3期,2011,頁37-44。

    四、網路資料
    王梅玲,〈比較研究〉。《國家教育研究院雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網》,民國101年10月。< http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1679273/>
    (檢閱日期:2017年3月23日)
    中華民國行政院主計總處,《國情統計通報》,第009號,民國105年1月14日頁1。<https://www.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/611416492990V10W9I.pdf>
    (檢閱日期:2017年3月1日)
    中國日報網,〈克里「中東之旅」劃上句號,中東媒體認為成果有限〉。《中國日報網》,2013年3月7日。<http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqzx/2013-03/07/content_16286937.htm>
    (檢閱日期:2017年3月10日)
    周文重、王保東,〈奧巴馬政府的公共外交〉。《中國網》,2010年6月2日。<http://www.china.com.cn/international/txt/2010-06/02/content_20169540.htm>
    (檢閱日期:2017年5月5日)
    黃奎博,〈指南健談-臺灣應學習美國重視公眾外交〉。《東網》,2014年10月16日。<http://hk.on.cc/tw/bkn/cnt/commentary/20141016/bkntw-20141016000418769-1016_04411_001.html>
    (檢閱日期:2018年9月9日)
    趙可金,〈把握全球化時代公共外交的規律〉。《中國網》,2010年6月2日。<http://www.china.com.cn/international/zhuanti/2010-06/02/content_20170980.htm>(檢閱日期:2017年5月5日)

    英文部分

    一、官方出版品及委託案
    Boutz, Gary M. and Kenneth H. WIlliams. “US Relations with Iraq: From Mandate to Operation Iraqi Freedom.” U.S. Air Force, 2015.
    Congress, House, Committee on International Relations. “The Role of Public Diplomacy in Support of the Anti-Terrorism Campaign: Hearing before the Committee on International Relations.”107th Congress, 2nd Session, October 10, 2001.
    Djerejian, Edward. “Changing Minds, Winning Peace: A New Strategic Direction for US Public Diplomacy in the Arab and Muslim World.” Report of the Advisory Group on Public Diplomacy for the Arab and Muslim World, 1 October 2003.
    Government Publishing Office. “Executive Order no. 13283—Establishing the Office of Global Communications.” Administration of George W. Bush, 21 January 2003.
    Nakamura, Kennon H. and Mathew C. Weed, “U.S. Public Diplomacy: Background and Current Issues.” Congressional Research Service, 18 December 2009.
    Office of Inspector General to United States Department of State and the Broadcasting Board of Governors. “Review of Radio Sawa Support to the Transition in Post-Saddam Iraq.” Report No. IBO/IQO-A-05-02, October 2004.
    Office of Inspector General to United States Department of State and the Broadcasting Board of Governors. “Embassy Baghdad, Iraq.” Report No. ISP-I-09-30A, July 2009.
    Office of Inspector General to United States Department of State and the Broadcasting Board of Governors. “Review of the Use of Social Media by the Department of State.” Report No. ISP-I-11-10, February 2011.
    Office of Inspector General to United States Department of State and the Broadcasting Board of Governors. “ Inspection of Embassy Baghdad and Constituent Posts, Iraq.” Report No. ISP-I-13-25A, May 2013.
    Office of the Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, “Public Diplomacy: Strengthening U.S. Engagement in the World—a Strategic Approach for the 21st Century.” February 26, 2010.
    Policy, Planning and Resources Office, United States Department of State. “Washington-directed Activities.” Comprehensive Annual Report on Public Diplomacy, 2015.
    Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction. “Quarterly Report to the United States Congress.” April 30, 2011.
    Tarnoff, Curt. “Iraq: Reconstruction Assistance.” Congressional Research Service, 7 August 2009.
    United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy. “Public Diplomacy and International Broadcasting Activities.” Comprehensive Annual Report, December 11, 2014.
    World Bank. “Iraq: Reconstruction and Investment.” February 2018.

    二、專書
    Al-Rawi, Ahmed. Media Practice in Iraq. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
    Akbarzadeh, Shahram, Benjamin MacQueen, James Piscatori, and Amin Saikal, ed. American Democracy Promotion in the Changing Middle East: From Bush to Obama. New York: Routledge, 2013.
    Cross, Mai’a K. and Jan Melissen ed. European Public Diplomacy: Soft Power at Work. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
    Dizard, Wilson P. Inventing Public Diplomacy: The Story of the U.S. Information Agency. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2004.
    Douglas, Walter and Jeanne Neal. Engaging the Muslim World :Public Diplomacy after 9/11 in the Arab Middle East, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2013.
    El-Nawawy, Mohammad and Adel Islandar. Al-Jazeera: How the Free Arab News Network Scooped the World and Changed the Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2002.
    Fisher, Ali. Collaborative Public Diplomacy: How Transnational Networks Influenced American Studies in Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
    Fitzpatrick, Kathy R. The Future of U.S. Public Diplomacy—An Uncertain Fate. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2010.
    Fitzpatrick, Kathy R. U.S. Public Diplomacy in the Post-9/11 World—From Messaging to Mutuality. Los Angeles, CA: Figueroa Press, 2011.
    Henrikson, Alan K. What Can Public Diplomacy Achieve? Discussion paper in diplomacy. Hague: Desiree Davidse, 2006.
    Headley, James, Andreas Reitzig and Joe Burt ed. Public Participation in Foreign Policy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
    Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. London: Simon & Schuster, 1997.
    Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye Jr. Power and Interdependence. Boston, MA: Longman, 2000.
    Laipson, Ellen. The Future of US-Iraq Relations. Washington, DC: The Henry L. Stimson Center, 2010.
    Leonard, Mark. Public Diplomacy. London: Foreign Policy Centre, 2002.
    Leonard, Mark and Vidhys Alakeson. Going public: Diplomacy for the Information Society. London: Foreign Policy Centre, 2000.
    Lord, Kristin M. Voice of America: U.S. Public Diplomacy for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: Brookings, 2008.
    Manheim, Jarol B. Strategic Public Diplomacy and American foreign Policy: The Evolution of Influence. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1994.
    Melissen, Jan ed. The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
    Melissen, Jan and Sook Jong Lee. Public Diplomacy and Soft Power in East Asia. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
    Morisson, Mathew B. ed. U.S. Public Diplomacy: Background and Issues. New York, NY: Nova Science Publisher Inc., 2010.
    Nye, Joseph S. Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. New York, NY: Basic Books, 1990.
    Nye, Joseph S. Power in the Global Information Age: From Realism to Globalization. London: Routledge, 2004.
    Nye, Joseph S. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York, NY: Public Affairs, 2004.
    Nye, Joseph S. The Future of Power. New York: Public Affairs, 2011.
    Osgood, Kenneth A. and Brian C. Etheridge ed. The United States and Public Diplomacy—New Directions in Cultural and International History. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2010.
    Rugh, William A. ed. The Practice of Public Diplomacy—Confronting Challenges Abroad. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
    Rugh, William A. ed. Front line Public Diplomacy—How US Embassies Communicate with Foreign Publics. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
    Seib, Philip ed. Toward A New Public Diplomacy—Redirecting U.S. Foreign Policy. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
    Snyder, James T. The United States and the Challenge of Public Diplomacy. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
    Telhami, Shibley. The World Through Arab Eyes, New York: Basic, 2013.
    Tuch, Hans. Communicating With the World : US Public Diplomacy Overseas. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1990.
    Waller, J. Michael ed. The Public Diplomacy Reader. Washington, DC: The Institute of World Politics Press, 2007.
    William, L. Cleveland. A History of Modern Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994.
    Zaharna, Rhonda S. Battles to Bridges—U. S. Strategic Communication and Public Diplomacy after 9/11. NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.


    三、期刊論文
    Aghazadeh, Sarah A. “Public Diplomacy for a Global World: The United States and Iran.” Master’s Thesis of San Jose State University, Spring 2005.
    Ahrari, Mohammed. “The Clash of Civilizations: an Old Story or New Truth.” News Perspective Quarterly, vol. 14, no. 2, June 2005, pp.56-61.
    Boduszyński, Mieczysław P. “Public Diplomacy and the American Fortress Embassy: Balancing Mission and Security.” USC Center on Public Diplomacy, iss. 6, 2018, pp.1-39.
    Botes, Marina. “The Public Diplomacy of the United States of America in the ‘War on Terror’.” Master’s Thesis of University of Pretoria, February 2007.
    Breum, Martin. “Media Development in Iraq: An Overview of International support 2003-2005.” International Media Support, vol. 14, no. 2, Spring 1997, pp.1-15.
    Dugan, Sean E. “Redefining the Relationship: Reclaiming American Public Diplomacy from the US Military in Iraq.” Middle East Journal, vol. 66, no.1, Winter 2012, pp. 52-77.
    Dutta-Bergman, Mohan J. “U.S. Public Diplomacy in the Middle East.” Journal of Communication Inquiry, vol. 30, no. 2, April 2006, pp. 102-124.
    Edelstein, David M. and Ronald R. Krebs. “Washington`s Troubling Obsession with Public Diplomacy.” Survival, vol. 47, no. 1, Spring 2005, pp. 89-104.
    Fan, Ying. “Soft Power: Power of Attraction or Confusion?” Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, vol. 4, no. 2, 2008, pp. 147–158.
    Gibson, Irene K. “Improving U.S. State Department Cultural Exchanges with the Middle East: A Case Study Comparison of Iraq and Jordan.” Political Science Honors Projects, April 22, 2015, pp.1-68.
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    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    外交學系
    103253009
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103253009
    Data Type: thesis
    DOI: 10.6814/NCCU201900803
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Diplomacy] Theses

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