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    题名: WTO之文化例外條款在台灣對外經貿協定運用之研究
    Cultural Exception Clause in WTO and its Implication in Taiwan’s FTA
    作者: 林品萱
    Lin, Pin-Hsuan
    贡献者: 許耀明
    Hsu, Yao-Ming
    林品萱
    Lin, Pin-Hsuan
    关键词: 文化例外
    文化多樣性
    國際貿易協定
    文化基本法
    世界貿易組織
    關稅暨貿易總協定
    WTO爭端解決機制
    Cultural Exception
    Cultural Diversity
    International Trade Agreement
    Culture Basic Law
    WTO
    General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
    WTO Dispute Settlement
    日期: 2019
    上传时间: 2019-09-05 16:30:43 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 本文欲探討WTO協定下文化例外在台灣之運用,為因應文化與貿易間日趨緊密的關係,希望藉由釐清聯合國教科文組織下的文化概念的演進,與WTO協定條文中可能涵蓋的文化例外條款相比,探討在WTO的體制下,各國是否有主張文化例外條款的空間。除了條文上的闡釋之外,本文希望藉由WTO爭端解決實際的案例,分析各國在處理文化貿易案件時,可能遭遇到文化例外上的爭點,藉由分析、理解在WTO場域主張文化例外時面臨的相關問題,並在WTO協定範圍內,針對文化例外條款問題提出可能的解決途徑。
    本文亦探討在WTO法律架構之外,在國際貿易協定中,文化例外條款設計的態樣及其優缺點。最後,將討論回歸我國《文化基本法》,探討我國文化基本法中可以對外主張文化例外條款之可能性,並統整國際貿易協定與台紐經濟合作協定中,提出我國未來訂定其他國際貿易協定時,得將文化例外條款納入國際協定之方式及建議,以利保障我國獨特的文化多樣性,及促進我國文化發展。
    In response to the relationship between culture and trade, this present paper attempts to clarify the evolution of the cultural concept under UNESCO along with the cultural exception clauses that may be covered in the provisions of the WTO Agreement in order to discuss the whether there are rooms for countries to advocate cultural exception clauses under the WTO system; if not, if there is any solution.
    In addition to the interpretation of the articles, this present paper attempts to analyze the difficulties which countries may encounter while avocating cultural exceptions through WTO disputes cases. By analyzing and understanding cultural exceptions within the scope of the WTO Agreement, this present paper attempts to propose possible solutions to the advocation of cultural exception clause. The present paper also discusses the design aspect of cultural exception clause with its advantages and disadvantages in international trade agreements.
    Last but not least, in order to safeguard Taiwan’s unique culture and promote culture diversity, we will discuss the possibility that Taiwan’s Cultural Basic Law claims cultural exception clauses in the international scale, and attempts to integrate the international trade agreements and Agreement between New Zealand and the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu on Economic Cooperation; propose the methods and recommendations for incorporating cultural exception clauses into international agreements when Taiwan sets other international trade agreements in the future.
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    42. Herwig, Alexia, Regulation of Seal Animal Welfare Risk, Public Morals and Inuit Culture under WTO Law: Between Techne, Oikos and Praxis, 6 Eur. J. Risk Reg. 382 (2015)
    43. Hylland Erikson, Thomas, Between Universalism and Relativism: A Critique of the UNESCO Concept of Culture, in CULTURE AND RIGHT 127 (Jane K. Cowan, Marie-Benedicte Dembour & Richard A. Wilson eds. 2001)
    44. Jin, Dal Yong, Cultural Politics in Korea`s Contemporary Films under Neoliberal Globalization, 28 MEDIA CULTURE & SOC`Y 5 (2006)
    45. Kish, Karsie, Protectionism to Promote Culture: South Korea and Japan, A Case Study, 22 U. PA.J. Int`l Econ. L. 153(2001)
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    GATT/WTO判決案例

    1. European Communities - Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products, Appellate Body Report, WT/DS135/AB/R, adopted 5 April 2001, DSR 2001:VII, 3243
    2. China- Audiovisual Services, WTO Appellate Body Report, WT/DS363/AB/R, adopted on 19 January 2010
    3. United States -Customs Bond Directive for Merchandise Subject to Anti-dumping/Countervailing Duties (US- Customs Bond Directive), WTO Appellate Body Report, WTO Doc. WT/DS345/AB/R, adopted 1 August 2008
    4. United States - Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, Panel Report, United States - Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, WT/DS285/R, adopted 20 April 2005, as modified by Appellate Body Report, WT/DS285/AB/R, DSR 2005:XII, 5797, Appellate Body Report, United States - Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, WT/DS285/AB/R, adopted 20 April 2005, DSR 2005:XII, 5663, and Corr.1
    5. China- Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products (China- Audiovisual Services),, Panel Report,WT/DS363/R, appealed on 22 September 2009, WT/DS363; WTO Appellate Body Report, China- Audiovisual Services, WT/DS363/AB/R, adopted on 19 January 2010, WT/DS363/AB/R.
    6. Japan-Measures on Imports of Leather, Panel Report, L/5623 - 31S/94, adopted 15 May 1984
    7. Korea-Measures Affecting Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beef, Panel Report, WT/DS161/R, WT/DS169/R, adopted 10 January 2001, as modified by Appellate Body Report WT/DS161/AB/R, WT/DS169/AB/R, DSR 2001:I, 59
    8. Korea - Measures Affecting Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beef, Appellate Body Report, WT/DS161/AB/R, WT/DS169/AB/R, adopted 10 January 2001, DSR 2001:I, 5
    9. China - Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products, Status Report, WT/DS363/17/Add.15,13 April 2012
    10. China - Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products, Joint Communication from China and the United States, WT/DS363/19, 11 May 2012

    網路資料

    1. Riyaz Dattu, Gajan Sathananthan, CPTPP: TPP parties proceed without the United States, Feburary 12, 2018,
    https://www.osler.com/en/resources/cross-border/2018/cptpp-tpp-parties-proceed-without-the-united-states (last visited July. 7, 2019)
    2. Government of Canada, What does the CPTPP mean for Canadian culture?, January 28, 2018,https://international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/cptpp-ptpgp/sectors-secteurs/culture.aspx?lang=eng (last visited July. 7, 2019)
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