政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/124625

政大典藏 > College of Foreign Languages and Literature > Department of English > Theses > Item 140.119/124625

Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/124625

Title:	SUBSTITUTE句型之認知釋解與訊息結構：以語料庫為本 Construals and information structure of SUBSTITUTE: A corpus-based study
Authors:	蕭閔駿 Hsiao, Min-Chun
Contributors:	鍾曉芳 Chung, Siaw-Fong 蕭閔駿 Hsiao, Min-Chun
Keywords:	語料庫框架語義學認知釋解訊息結構句法結構 Substitute Corpus Construal Information structure Frame Semantics
Date:	2019
Issue Date:	2019-08-07 15:43:59 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	SUBSTITUTE的特殊語言現象讓英語學習者無法依賴句法結構來判斷其意義。首先，即便使用相同的句法結構，其被動句型（NPIN/OUT + be + Verb-pp）的主詞可理解為NPIN（取代其他的人事物）或NPOUT（被取代的人事物）。相同地，主動句型（NPAGENT + Verb + NPIN/OUT）中的直接受詞（Direct Object）亦可能為NPIN或NPOUT。本研究的目的為探討SUBSTITUTE的語意及句法結構，藉此幫助英語學習者判斷句中的NPIN及NPOUT，以減少理解的困難。本研究的研究工具為英國國家語料庫（British National Corpus），從中蒐集SUBSTITUTE作為動詞的語料。語料分析分為三個面向：（一）探究SUBSTITUTE所表現出的句型種類（sentence pattern）及其在語料庫中的分布、（二）分析造成語意混淆句型的原因、（三）檢測句型的訊息結構（information structure）能否協助判斷該名詞片語為NPIN或NPOUT的語意。本研究採用Fillmore（1982, 1992, 2006）所提出之框架語意學（Frame Semantics）為基礎，並融入Langacker（1991, 1999, 2008）在認知語法（Cognitive Grammar）中的研究模式所提出，如何以語言結構反映出人類對世界的認知釋解（construal）」，進行語料分析。研究分析顯示SUBSTITUTE具備不同種類的句型，其中以 [NPAGENT + Verb + NPIN + for NPOUT] 最高頻，反映出SUBSTITUTE最常以‘TR (AGENT) + LM (IN)’之認知模式呈現，其中 ‘AGENT’ 與 ‘IN’ 的互動為該句型的焦點；而 ‘TR (AGENT) + LM (IN)’ 則反映出語言使用者經常將替換事件（event of substituting）概念化為動作鍊（‘AGENT-IN action chain’）的現象。另一方面，較為少用的句型，如NPAGENT + Verb + NPOUT，反映出截然不同的認知方式 ‘TR (AGENT) + LM (OUT)’，並顯示出替換事件（event of substitution）被概念化為另一種動作鍊（‘AGENT-OUT action chain’）。研究發現，對於相同的替換事件，不同的動作鍊被語言使用者使用，進而造成SUBSTITUTE在句法結構中產生混淆的現象。當 ‘AGENT’ 或 ‘IN’ 被語言使用者聚焦，‘AGENT-IN action chain’ 動作鍊會被生成，而當 ‘OUT’ 被聚焦時，‘AGENT-OUT action chain’ 動作鍊會被生成。根據語料庫的分析結果顯示，在SUBSTITUTE的使用中，因為 ‘AGENT’ 或 ‘IN’ 最常被視為焦點，因此 ‘AGENT-IN action chain’ 動作鍊是為SUBSTITUTE中替代事件概念化的典型。另一方面，研究發現在句型的訊息結構（information structure）中特定名詞片語的訊息狀態與NPIN及NPOUT有密切關聯。當名詞片語為新訊息（‘new’ information）的時候，該名詞經片語經常為NPIN；而當名詞片語為舊訊息（‘old’ information）的時候，該名詞片語為NPIN或NPOUT在語料庫中呈現接近的比例。因此英語學習者可以透過檢視特定名詞片語的訊息狀態來判斷是否為NPIN或NPOUT。本研究透過分析SUBSTITUTE的句型及其反映出的認知方式，找出造成語義混淆的原因，另一方面，訊息結構中的新/舊訊息也可以幫助英語學習者理解SUBSTITUTE的使用與判斷。本研究提供英語學習者在SUBSTITUTE的理解以及使用上的建議，並提供英語教學者在SUBSTITUTE的教學上有更深入的了解。 This thesis carried out a corpus analysis of the verbal SUBSTITUTE aiming to investigate the reason for the ambiguous role of the NP in the post-verbal position of [NPAGENT + Verb + NPIN/OUT] and the pre-verbal position of [NPIN/OUT + be + Verb-pp]. To be more precise, the NP in question bore two opposite roles: the entity to replace others (NPIN) and the replaced entity (NPOUT). In addition, whether the information status of the NP could predict its role was also investigated. To investigate the ambiguous role of the NP, we analyzed the sentence patterns of SUBSTITUTE by adopting Fillmore’s (1982, 1985, 2006) Frame Semantics and Langacker’s (1991, 1999, 2008) Conceptual construal. Specifically, the {REPLACING} frame comprised of the ‘AGENT’, ‘IN’, and ‘OUT’ participants was evoked as the conceptual knowledge base of SUBSTITUTE. Then, the ‘profiling’ and the varying prominence conferred on the participants gave rise to different construals of SUBSTITUTE, which in turn were realized in different sentence patterns. For example, [NPAGENT + Verb + NPIN] reflects the ‘TR (AGENT) + LM (IN)’ construal in which the prominence was primarily conferred on the ‘AGENT’ and ‘IN’ participants. In this thesis, we consulted the British National Corpus to extract the verbal SUBSTITUTE for analysis. The analysis focused on three aspects, including (a) the types and distribution of sentence patterns in the corpus; (b) the reason for the ambiguous roles in the NP in the corpus; (c) the information structure of the sentence patterns. Some findings were suggested according to the corpus results. First, the different primary focus of the construals may give rise to two distinct conceptualizations of action chain: the ‘AGENT-IN action chain’ and the ‘AGENT-OUT action chain’. The distinct action chains were argued to be the cause for the ambiguous role of NP in the sentence patterns. While [NPAGENT + Verb + NPIN] represented the ‘TR (AGENT) + LM (IN)’ construal in the ‘AGENT-IN action chain’, [NPAGENT + Verb + NPOUT] represented the ‘TR (AGENT) + LM (OUT)’ construal in the ‘AGENT-OUT action chain’ instead. Then, the corpus results suggested that the use of SUBSTITUTE predominantly conceptualizes the ‘AGENT-IN action chain’, in which the ‘TR (AGENT) + LM (IN)’ construal is the typical construal encoding the typical sentence pattern of SUBSTITUTE, [NPAGENT + Verb + NPIN + for NPOUT]. In contrast, [NPAGENT + Verb + NPOUT] reflecting the ‘TR (AGENT) + LM (OUT)’ construal in the ‘AGENT-OUT action chain’ is peripheral in SUBSTITUTE. As for the information structure in sentence patterns, the ‘discourse-new’ NP prefers to be the NPIN. In contrast, the ‘discourse-old’ NP shows the neutral preference to either NPIN or NPOUT. In addition, conforming to the ‘old-before-new principle’, the ‘discourse-new’ NP prefers to occur in the direct object of [NPAGENT + Verb + NPIN] while the ‘discourse-old’ NP prefers the subject of [NPIN/OUT + be + Verb-pp]. This thesis concluded that SUBSTITUTE tends to conceptualize the ‘AGENT-IN action chain’, in which the ‘AGENT’ and ‘IN’ are focused. However, it is the availability of the other action chain that causes the ambiguous roles of the NP in the sentence patterns. The information status of being ‘discourse-new’ could help interpret the role of the NP in question. The pedagogical implications of teaching and learning SUBSTITUTE were suggested in this thesis.
Reference:	Aarts, B., Chalker, S., & Weiner, E. S. (2014). The Oxford dictionary of English grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Arnold, J. E. (2010). How speakers refer: The role of accessibility. Language and Linguistics Compass, 4(4), 187-203. Arnold, J. E., Kaiser, E., Kahn, J. M., & Kim, L. K. (2013). Information structure: linguistic, cognitive, and processing approaches. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 4(4), 403-413. Brito, C. M. C. (1996). A transitividade verbal na língua portuguesa: uma investigação de base funcionalista. Sao Paulo: Araraquara. de Base Funcionalista. São Paulo: Araraquara. Carter, R., & McCarthy, M. (2006). Cambridge grammar of English: a comprehensive guide; spoken and written English grammar and usage. Ernst Klett Sprachen. Chafe, W. (1994). Discourse, consciousness, and time: The flow and displacement of conscious experience in speaking and writing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Chomsky, N. (1986). Knowledge of language: Its nature, origin, and use. New York:Praeger. Cowan, R. (2011). The teacher’s grammar of English: A course book and reference guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Croft, W. (1991). Syntactic categories and grammatical relations: The cognitive organization of information. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Croft, W. (2012). Verbs: Aspect and Causal Structure. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Croft, W., & Cruse, D. A. (2004). Cognitive linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cruse, D. A. (1973). Some thoughts on agentivity. Journal of Linguistics, 9(1), 11-23. Davidse, K., & Heyvaert, L. (2007). On the middle voice: An interpersonal analysis of the English middle. Linguistics, 45(1), 37-83. Davis, A. R., & Koenig, J. P. (2000). Linking as constraints on word classes in a hierarchical lexicon. Language, 76(1), 56-91. Dixon, R. M. W. (2010). Basic linguistic theory volume 1: Methodology (Vol. 1). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Du Bois, J. W. (2003). Argument structure. Preferred argument structure: Grammar as architecture for function, 14, 11-60. Everett, C. (2009). A reconsideration of the motivations for preferred argument structure. Studies in Language. International Journal sponsored by the Foundation “Foundations of Language”, 33(1), 1-24. Fillmore, C. J. (1982). Frame semantics. Linguistics in the Morning Calm, Linguistic Society of Korea (ed.), 111–137. Seoul: Hanshin Publishing Company. Fillmore, C. J. (1985). Frames and the Semantics of Understandings. Quaderni di Semantica, 6(2), 222-254. Fillmore, C. J., & Atkins, B. T. (1992). Toward a frame-based lexicon: The semantics of RISK and its neighbors. Frames, fields, and contrasts: New essays in semantic and lexical organization, 103, 75-102. Fillmore, C. J., Johnson, C. R., & Petruck, M. R. (2003). Background to framenet. International Journal of Lexicography, 16(3), 235-250. Fillmore, C. J. (2006). Frame semantics. Cognitive linguistics: Basic readings, 34, 373-400. Fillmore, C. J., & Baker, C. (2010). A frames approach to semantic analysis. In The Oxford handbook of linguistic analysis. Goldberg, A. E. (2006). Pragmatics and argument structure. In Laurence R. Horn & Gregory Ward (Eds.), The handbook of pragmatics, 427–441. Oxford: Blackwell. Gries, S. T., & Stefanowitsch, A. (Eds.). (2007). Corpora in cognitive linguistics: Corpus-based approaches to syntax and lexis (Vol. 1). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Hilpert, M. (2014). Construction grammar and its application to English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kemmer, S. (1993). The middle voice (Vol. 23). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. Langacker, R. W. (1991). Foundations of cognitive grammar, vol. 2: Descriptive application. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Langacker, R. W. (1999). Grammar and conceptualization (Vol. 14). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Langacker, R. W. (2008). Cognitive grammar: A basic introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Levin, B. (1993). English verb classes and alternations: A preliminary investigation. Chicago: University of Chicago press. Levin, B., & Hovav, M. R. (2005). Argument realization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mateu, J. (2014). Argument structure. In Carnie, A., Siddiqi, D., & Sato, Y. (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of syntax, 42–59. London ; New York: Routledge. Murphy, M. L., & Koskela, A. (2010). Key terms in semantics. London: Continuum. Netz, H., & Kuzar, R. (2019). Discourse and metadiscourse of Hebrew SOV in the heated parliamentary arena. Journal of Pragmatics, 141, 67–79. Okugiri, M. (2014). English relative constructions and discourse in spoken and written language. KLA Journal, 1, 29-40. Petruck, M. (1996). Frame Semantics. In J. Verschueren, J.-O. Östman, J. Blommaert, & C. Bulcaen (Eds.), Handbook of pragmatics, 1–13. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: Benjamins Poesio, M., & Vieira, R. (1998). A corpus-based investigation of definite description use. Computational Linguistics, 24(2), 183-216. Prince, E. F. (1992). The ZPG letter: Subjects, definiteness, and information-status. In S. Thompson and W. Mann (Eds.), Discourse description: diverse analyses of a fund raising text, 295-325. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Ruppenhofer, J., Ellsworth, M., Schwarzer-Petruck, M., Johnson, C. R., & Scheffczyk, J. (2006). FrameNet II: Extended theory and practice. (https: //framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu/fndrupal/index.php?q=the_book) Schmid, H. J. (2000). English abstract nouns as conceptual shells: From corpus to cognition. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Shibatani, M. (1985). Passives and related constructions: A prototype analysis. Language, 61, 821-848. Taylor, J. R. (2003). Cognitive grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Van Oosten, J. (1986). The nature of subjects, topics and agents: A cognitive explanation. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club. Ward, G., & Birner, B. (2004). Information structure and non-canonical syntax. In Laurence R. Horn and Gregory Ward (Eds.), The handbook of pragmatics, 153–174. Oxford: Blackwell. Yoshimura, K., & Taylor, J. R. (2004). What makes a good middle? The role of qualia in the interpretation and acceptability of middle expressions in English. English Language & Linguistics, 8(2), 293-321. Zeyrek, D. (2019). Discourse structure: The view from shared arguments in Turkish Discourse Bank. In A. Sumru Özsoy (Ed.), Word order in Turkish, 287-306. Cham:Springer.
Description:	碩士國立政治大學英國語文學系 105551017
Source URI:	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1055510171
Data Type:	thesis
DOI:	10.6814/NCCU201900159
Appears in Collections:	[Department of English] Theses

Files in This Item:

File	Size	Format
017101.pdf	2084Kb	Adobe PDF2	139	View/Open

社群 sharing

Loading...