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    题名: 再生能源憑證與排放權交易之互動關係
    The Interaction between Renewable Energy Certificate and Emission Trading System
    作者: 林明億
    贡献者: 施文真
    林明億
    关键词: 再生能源憑證
    排放權交易制度
    互動關係
    Renewable energy certificate
    Emission trading system
    Interaction
    日期: 2019
    上传时间: 2019-07-01 10:39:55 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 氣候變遷日趨嚴重，許多國家已開始施行減緩氣候變遷的政策，ETS則是當中常見的工具之一；另一方面，因應能源危機，各國亦施行促進再生能源發展的政策，同時因為再生能源排放量較低的特性而能降低排放。
    在ETS以及REC兩種政策同時施行的情況下，可能會造成重複管制降低總體溫室氣體排放量的情況，故本文從過往文獻當中整理出兩種政策可能有的互動關係：無互動、直接互動以及間接互動，其中直接互動當中又可分為交易互動以及非交易互動。歐美兩地區目前已就ETS以及REC兩政策互動關係進行調整，而台灣在未來亦有可能同時施行ETS以及REC，故本文依據台灣目前引進RPS並將REC排放係數訂為0的情況下，參照歐美兩地區的實例，認為台灣在REC自願性市場可參考加州以及RGGI的案例；強制性市場則可參考加州內ETS與RPS的案例。除此之外，筆者亦認為ETS以及REC兩種政策工具在調和時，立法的技術層面應考量管制對象、單位以及登錄處等，力求避免兩政策工具之間產生衝突而削弱排放減量的目標。
     
    When ETS and REC are enforced at the same time in a region, it may cause double-regulation and reduce the effect of emission reduction. The interaction between ETS and REC has been the subject of much research in these decades. According to the research, there are three types of interaction, non-interaction, direct interaction and indirect interaction. Besides, there are two subcategories of direct interaction, tradeable interaction and non-tradeable interaction. Now the interaction between these two has been adjusted in Europe and American and Taiwan is going to enforce these two in the coming future. This thesis refers to the sample from Europe and American, and find out that the sample of California and RGGI are suitable for Taiwan to make a reference. Besides, we also suggest legislator to consider regulated-party, unit and register when drafting the law in order to reduce the counter-effect between ETS and REC.
    參考文獻: 中文參考文獻
    書籍
    施文真，由交易單位之法律性質重新檢視ETS制度與WTO之關係，WTO、氣候變遷與能源，元照出版公司，2013。

    期刊論文
    陳靜萱、黃詩文和吳禹澔，美國REC制度介紹，台灣經濟研究月刊，第40卷第5期，106年5月，86-94。

    機構文獻
    經濟部標準檢驗局，國內再生能源憑證市場交易輔導示範計畫，網址：https://www.trec.org.tw/activity/2017-07-12%2011-29-32/get/file2.pdf。
    「溫室氣體減量及管理法」立法院三讀條文簡要說明。
    行政院環境保護署，國家溫室氣體登錄平台，溫室氣體排放係數管理表https://ghgregistry.epa.gov.tw/upload/Tools/溫室氣體排放係數管理表6.0.3版.ods

    網頁資料
    國家再生能源憑證中心，任務與願景，https://www.trec.org.tw/%E8%87%AA%E8%A8%82%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2/zh-tw_mission_vision。
    國內再生能源憑證市場交易輔導示範計畫，國家再生能源憑證中心，https://www.trec.org.tw/%E8%87%AA%E8%A8%82%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2/%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%86%91%E8%AD%89%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E8%BC%94%E5%B0%8E%E7%A4%BA%E7%AF%84%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB。
     
    英文參考文獻
    書籍
    Gerrard, Michael & Kuh, Katrina Fischer edited, The Law of Adaptation to Climate Change: US and International Aspects, AMERICAN BAR ASSSOCIATION, 2012.
    Hansjürgens, Bernd ed., Emissions Trading for Climate Policy: US and European Perspectives, CAMBRIDGE: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2005.
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    Beatrice Cointe & Alain Nadai, Feed—in tariffs in the European Union, PALGRAVE MACMILLAN, 2018.
    Lefevere, Jurgen, Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading: A Background, Michel Bothe and Eckard Rehbinder (eds), CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY (ELEVEN INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING), 2005.
    Deane, Felicity, Emissions Trading and WTO Law: A Global Anlysis, EDWARD ELGAR, 2015.
    Wright, Walker L., How Does the Voluntary Carbon Market Relate to the US REC Market?, in VOLUNTARY CARBON MARKETS AN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS GUIDE TO WHAT THEY ARE AND HOW THEY WORK, 41.
    Bunn, Derek & Yusupov, Tim, The progressive inefficiency of replacing renewable obligation certificates with contracts-for-differences in the UK electricity market, (82) Energy Policy, 2015, 298-309.

    期刊論文
    Pablo del Rı´o Gonza´ lez , The interaction between emissions trading and renewable electricity support schemes.An overview of the literature’, Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Change (2007) 12:1363.
    Jepma, Catrinus J. & Munasinghe, Mohan, Climate Change Policy:Facts, Issues and Analyses, Cambridge University Press, Nov. 1997 .
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    Butler, Lucy & Neuhoff, Karsten, Comparison of Feed-in Tariff, Quota and Auction Mechanisms to Support Wind Power Development, (33) Renewable Energy, 2008, 1854-1867.
    Woodman, B. & Mitchell, C., Learning from Experience? The Development of the Renewables Obligation in England and Wales 2002-2010, (39) Energy Policy, 2011, 3914-3921, 3915.

    機構文獻
    Global Warming of 1.5 °C, IPCC, Oct. 8.
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    Sorrell, Steve, Interaction in EU Climate Policy: Final Report, SPRU, EVK2-CT-2000-0067,2003.
    Görlach, Benjamin, What Constitutes an Optimal Climate Policy Mix? Defining the Concept of Optimality, Including Political and Legal Framework Conditions, CECILIA2050 Deliverable 1.1, ECOLOGIC INSTITUTE, February, 2013, https://cecilia2050.eu/system/files/G%C3%B6rlach%20(2013)_What%20constitutes%20an%20optimal%20policy%20mix_0.pdf.
    Jan Abrell & Hannes Weigt, The Interaction of Emissions Trading and Renewable Energy Promotion, Dec. 2008, Economics of Global Warming WP-EGW-05, 1-17.
    Richard J.T. Klein, Kevin M. Adams, Adis Dzebo, Marion Davis and Clarisse Kehler Siebert, Advancing Climate Adaptation Practices and Solutions: Emerging Research Priorities, STOCKHOLM ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE, Working Paper No.2017-07.
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    Robert N. Stavins, Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments, RECOURSES OF THE FUTURE, 1, http://www.rff.org/files/sharepoint/WorkImages/Download/RFF-DP-01-58.pdf.
    Gilbert E. Metcalf & David A. Weisbach, The Design of a Carbon Tax, Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers 254.
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    Bruce Elder, Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) in California Status after Passage of Senate Bill 107 of 2006, June 2007, 11
    Jenny Heeter & Lori Bird, Status and Trends in U.S. Compliance and Voluntary Renewable Energy Certificate Markets (2010 Data), NREL/TP-6A20-529, 2011, 5.
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    Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, history, https://www.ipcc.ch/organization/organization_history.shtml.
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    CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme: Allowances, GOV.UK, https://www.gov.uk/guidance/crc-energy-efficiency-scheme-allowances.

    法條
    United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, art. 2.
    Title 17, CCR, Section 95810-14.
    CA Pub Util Code, Section 399.16 (2013).
    26 Del.C. § 352, 354.
    Directive 2009/29/EC, art. 9.
    Directive 2018/410, art. 9.
    The CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme Order 2013, art. 31, 36.

    法案
    Order Initiating Implementation of the Senate Bill 1078 Renewable Portfolio Standard, Decision 03-06-071, Proceedings on Rulemaking 01-10-024 (Cal. Pub. Util. Comm’n Jun. 19, 2003).
    Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC.
    Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community.
    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    國際經營與貿易學系
    1053510513
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1053510513
    数据类型: thesis
    DOI: 10.6814/THE.NCCU.IB.008.2019.F06
    显示于类别:[國際經營與貿易學系 ] 學位論文

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