政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/119932
English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  全文筆數/總筆數 : 113325/144300 (79%)
造訪人次 : 51154168      線上人數 : 854
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
搜尋範圍 查詢小技巧：
  • 您可在西文檢索詞彙前後加上"雙引號"，以獲取較精準的檢索結果
  • 若欲以作者姓名搜尋，建議至進階搜尋限定作者欄位，可獲得較完整資料
    •  進階搜尋


    請使用永久網址來引用或連結此文件: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/119932


    題名: 美國2017NFL年國歌抗議活動Twitter視覺內容研究
    To knee or not to knee: An examination of Twitter visual content during the 2017 NFL national anthem protests in the United States
    作者: 林蕾娜
    Davidson, Brenna
    貢獻者: 林翠絹
    Lin, Trisha Tsui-Chuan
    林蕾娜
    Brenna Davidson
    關鍵詞: Twitter
    視覺內容分析
    社會認同
    委屈
    集體行動
    Twitter
    Visual content analysis
    Social identity
    Grievances
    Collective action
    日期: 2018
    上傳時間: 2018-09-03 15:55:34 (UTC+8)
    摘要: Past research has delved into collective actions and political activism. However, few studies analyze the communication patterns of visual content generated on social media throughout protest events in relation to polarized political issues. Given the impacts of Twitter mobilizers to shape online opinions of protesters, this content analysis study examined Twitter image tweets during the 2017 National Football League (NFL) national anthem protests (NAP) in the United States. In order to understand visual communication trends on Twitter during the protest, this study will utilize the social identity theory (Tajfel and Turner, 1979) and Van Zomeren et al.’s (2012) dual pathway model (DDPM). The theoretical framework of integrating SIT and DDPM will facilitate the understanding of how social identity, grievances, and coping approaches (emotional route: affective responses; instrumental route: efficacy) factor into social media image content during a polarized protest.
    This study analyzed tweeted images shared when the national anthem protests peaked in web search penetration. It collected image tweets with the Twitter Advanced Search function and used top tweet filter under the #TakeAKnee hashtag. This research in total analyzed 1,400 viral NAP tweet images from September 24, to October 21, 2017. Based on research questions and past studies, xx codes have developed with xx emerging codes from the data.
    The visual content analysis showed that NAP supporters’ posts were primarily related to the social identity of minority support; however, the visual content for constructive patriotism and sports fandom was minimal. Images depicting police brutality were scarce, possibly due to the peaceful nature of the NAPs. In terms of grievances, images regarding anti-protest mobilizers such as Donald Trump were more prominent in the dataset. Consistent with past research, reciprocal affective responses (i.e. sympathy and admiration) were expressed more in the image tweets than shared affective responses (i.e. anger and sarcasm). Lastly, in regards to temporal changes for key codes, the themes of majority of image tweets were not influenced by offline events or news outlets’ agenda setting over time. This indicates that the online communication patterns of NAP supporters do not always repeat or continue the topics in various news outlets and offline events. As the dataset did not follow an identifiable pattern across the codes and subcodes in regards to temporal changes, common trends instead included image tweet spikes and volume alignment between codes on days that corresponded with offline events.
    參考文獻: 2017 Police Violence Report. (2017). Retrieved March 03, 2018, from https://policeviolencereport.org/
    Abrams, M. H., & Harpham, G. G. (2009). Handbook of Literary Terms. Cengage Learning.
    Abril, C. R. (2012). A National Anthem: Patriotic symbol or democratic action. Patriotism and Nationalism in Music Education, 77-94.
    Agiesta, J. (2017, September 30). CNN poll: Americans split on anthem protests. Retrieved January 13, 2018, from http://edition.cnn.com/2017/09/29/politics/national-anthem-nfl-cnn-poll/index.html
    Anagondahalli, D., & Khamis, S. (2014). Mubarak framed! Humor and political activism before and during the Egyptian Revolution. Arab Media and Society, 19, 1-16.
    Anderson, D.F., & Stone, G.P. (1981). Sport: A search for community. In S.L. Greendorfer
    & A. Yiannakis (Eds.), Sociology of sport: Diverse perspectives (pp. 164-172). West
    Point, NY: Leisure Press.
    Babbie, E. R. (2016). The Practice of Social Research. Boston, MA: CENGAGE Learning.
    Barry, D., Kovaleski, S., Robertson, C., & Alvarez, L. (2012, April 01). Trayvon Martin Shooting Prompts a Review of Ideals. Retrieved March 03, 2018, from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/02/us/trayvon-martin-shooting-prompts-a-review-of-ideals.html
    Belicove, M. E. (2011). Facebook posting techniques that really work. Entrepreneur.com. Retrieved from http://www.entrepreneur.com/blog/220166#.
    Belson, K. (2017, September 24). Fueled by Trump`s Tweets, Anthem Protests Grow to a Nationwide Rebuke. Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/24/sports/trump-national-anthem-nfl.html
    Belson, K. (2017, October 10). Goodell and N.F.L. Owners Break from Players on Anthem Kneeling Fight. Retrieved March 25, 2018, from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/10/sports/football/nfl-goodell-anthem-kneeling.html
    Boren, C. (2016, August 28). Colin Kaepernick protest has 49ers fans burning their jerseys. Retrieved March 31, 2018, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/08/28/colin-kaepernick-protest-has-49ers-fans-burning-their-jerseys/?utm_term=.83152cf7392b
    Brown, R. (2000). Social identity theory: Past achievements, current problems and future challenges. European journal of social psychology, 30(6), 745-778.
    Burla, L., Knierim, B., Barth, K. L., Duetz, M., & Abel, T. (2008).
    From the text to coding: Intercoder reliability assessment in qualitative content analysis. Nursing Research, 57, 113-117
    Burns, A., & Eltham, B. (2009). Twitter free Iran: An evaluation of Twitter`s role in public diplomacy and information operations in Iran`s 2009 election crisis.
    Burns, J. (2000). Barça: A people’s passion. London: Bloomsbury.
    Carver, C. S., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2009). Anger is an approach related affect: Evidence and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 183-204.
    Chan, M. (2017). Media use and the social identity model of collective action: examining the roles of online alternative news and social media news. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 94(3), 663-681.
    Chen, H., Chan, M., & Lee, F. F. (2016). Social media use and democratic engagement: A comparative study of Hong Kong, Taiwan, and China. Chinese Journal of Communication, 9(4), 348–366.
    Chen, T., Lu, D., Kan, M. Y., & Cui, P. (2013, October). Understanding and classifying image tweets. In Proceedings of the 21st ACM international conference on Multimedia (pp. 781-784). ACM.
    Clothey, R. A., Koku, E. F., Erkin, E., & Emat, H. (2016). A voice for the voiceless: online social activism in Uyghur language blogs and state control of the Internet in China. Information, Communication & Society, 19(6), 858-874.
    Collins, A., Ortony, A., & Clore, G. L. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions.
    Community Service Projects. (2018). Retrieved March 27, 2018, from https://www.usjbruins.org/student-life/community-service.php
    Coombs, D. S., Lambert, C. A., Cassilo, D., & Humphries, Z. (2017, March). Kap takes a knee: A media framing analysis of Colin Kaepernick’s anthem protest. In 20TH International Public Relations Research Conference (p. 48).
    Cowart, H. S., Saunders, L. M., & Blackstone, G. E. (2016). Picture a Protest: Analyzing Media Images Tweeted from Ferguson. Social Media and Society, 2(4), 2056305116674029.
    Cullors, P., Opal, T., & Garza, A. (2016). Who we are. Retrieved from http://blacklivesmatter.com/who-we-are/
    Dasgupta, N. (2004). Implicit ingroup favoritism, outgroup favoritism, and their behavioral manifestations. Social Justice Research, 17(2), 143-169.
    Deaux, K., Reid, A., Mizrahi, K., & Ethier, K.A. (1995). Parameters of social identity.
    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 280-291.
    Definition of institutional racism in English by Oxford Dictionaries. (2018). Retrieved March 23, 2018, from https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/institutional_racism
    Dillon, C. (2017, September 27). US scientists take a knee to protest racism | DW | 27.09.2017. Retrieved May 10, 2018, from http://www.dw.com/en/us-scientists-take-a-knee-to-protest-racism/a-40701216
    Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of advanced nursing, 62(1), 107-115.
    Feather, N. T., Woodyatt, L.,&McKee, I. R. (2012). Predicting support for social action: How values, justice-related variables, discrete emotions, and outcome expectations influence support for the Stolen Generations. Motivation and Emotion, 36, 516–528. doi:10.1007/s11031-011-9262-5
    Fisher, R.J. and Wakefield, K. (1998), ""Factors leading to group identification: a field study of
    winners and losers``, Psychology and Marketing, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 23-40.
    Fitzgibbons, R. P. (1986). The cognitive and emotive uses of forgiveness in the treatment of anger. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 23(4), 629-633.
    Gaines, C. (2017, October 23). NFL anthem protests have become one of Trump`s most popular Twitter subjects. Retrieved March 03, 2018, from http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-tweets-nfl-anthem-protests-2017-10
    Gamson, W. A. (1992). The social psychology of collective action. In A. D. Morris & C. M. Mueller (Eds.), Frontiers in social movement theory (pp. 53-76). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
    Gartland, D. (2017, October 27). Report: Most owners opposed rule forcing players to stand. Retrieved March 25, 2018, from https://www.si.com/nfl/2017/10/27/protests-national-anthem-stand-rule-owners
    Goldstein, C. S. (2009). Capturing the German eye: American visual propaganda in occupied Germany. London, UK: University of Chicago Press.
    Goodwin, J., Jasper, J., & Polletta, F. (2000). The return of the repressed: The fall and rise of emotions in social movement theory. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 5(1), 65-83.
    Gottlieb, J., & Maske, M. (2017, September 23). Roger Goodell responds to Trump`s call to `fire` NFL players protesting during national anthem. Retrieved March 25, 2018, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2017/09/22/donald-trump-profanely-implores-nfl-owners-to-fire-players-protesting-national-anthem/?utm_term=.9c9043978dde
    Halper, D. (2016, September 05). Obama defends Kaepernick`s national anthem protest. Retrieved March 03, 2018, from https://nypost.com/2016/09/05/obama-defends-kaepernicks-national-anthem-protest/
    Hanson, H. (2018, January 22). Some Very Good Dogs Are Out Supporting The Women`s March. Retrieved June 10, 2018, from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/dogs-at-womens-march-signs_us_5a63864fe4b0022830033721
    Harpe, D., Bachmann, I., & Guo, L. (2012). The Whole Online World Is Watching: Profiling Social Networking Sites and Activists in China, Latin America, and the United States. International Journal of Communication, 6, 298-321.
    Heitner, D. (2016, September 07). Colin Kaepernick Tops Jersey Sales In NFL. Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/darrenheitner/2016/09/07/colin-kaepernick-tops-jersey-sales-in-nfl/#5d92f8807aad
    Henderson, S. (2009). Crossing the line: sport and the limits of civil rights protest. The international journal of the history of sport, 26(1), 101-121.
    Hogan, B. (2010). The presentation of self in the age of social media: Distinguishing performances and exhibitions online. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 30(6), 377-386.
    Huddy, L., & Khatib, N. (2007). American Patriotism, National Identity, and Political Movement. American Journal of Political Science, 51. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00237.x/epdf
    Iyer, A., Schmader, T., & Lickel, B. (2007). Why individuals protest the perceived transgressions of their country: The role of anger, shame and guilt. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 572-587.
    Iyer, A.,&Ryan, M. K. (2009).Why do men and women challenge gender discrimination? The role of group status and in-group identification in predicting pathways to collective action. Journal of Social Issues, 65, 791–814. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01625.x
    Jasper, J. M. (1998, September). The emotions of protest: Affective and reactive emotions in and around social movements. In Sociological forum (Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 397-424). Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers.
    Jasper, J. M. (2011). Emotions and social movements: Twenty years of theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 37, 285-303.
    Kasra, M. (2017). Digital-networked images as personal acts of political expression: New categories for meaning formation. Media and Communication, 5(4), 51-64.
    Khanom, A. (2010). Postmodern visions: consumer culture`s (re) making of the gaze.
    Kharroub, T., & Bas, O. (2015). Social media and protests: An examination of Twitter images of the 2011 Egyptian revolution. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1973-1992.
    Klandermans, B. (1997). The social psychology of protest. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
    Klandermans, B., Van der Toorn, J., & Van Stekelenburg, J. (2008). Embeddedness and identity: How immigrants turn grievances into action. American Sociological Review, 73(6), 992-1012.
    Kuper, S. (1995). Football: Against the enemy. London: Phoenix.
    Leach, C. W., Iyer, A., & Pedersen, A. (2006). Anger and guilt about ingroup advantage explain the willingness for political action. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(9), 1232-1245.
    Lee, F. L., Chen, H., & Chan, M. (2017). Social media use and university students’ participation in a largescale protest campaign: The case of Hong Kong’s Umbrella Movement. Telematics & Informatics, 34(2), 457–469.
    Leeuwen, T. V., & Jewitt, C. (2013). Handbook of visual analysis. Los Angeles: Sage.
    LeFebvre, R. K., & Armstrong, C. (2016). Grievance-based social movement mobilization in the# Ferguson Twitter storm. New Media & Society, 1461444816644697.
    Lombard, M., Snyder-Duch, J., & Bracken, C. C. (2002). Content analysis in mass communication: Assessment and reporting of intercoder reliability. Human communication research, 28(4), 587-604.
    MacCambridge, M. (2017, September 25). This Wasn`t the First Time Football, Protest and Politics Have Mixed. Retrieved April 04, 2018, from https://www.history.com/news/how-football-protest-and-politics-have-always-mixed
    Mark, M., & Harrington, R. (2017, September 24). Trump slams the NFL and commissioner Roger Goodell over `boring games` and players` national anthem protests. Retrieved June 20, 2018, from http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-nfl-roger-goodell-national-anthem-protests-tell-them-to-stand-2017-9
    Mayer, A. (2017, July 09). The movement, commodified: The rise of (pseudo) activism. Retrieved August 08, 2018 from http://www.adimay.com/2017/07/the-movement-commodified-the-rise-of-pseudo-activism/
    McHugh, M. L. (2012). Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochemia medica: Biochemia medica, 22(3), 276-282.
    McNeal, L. R. (2017). From Hoodies to Kneeling During the National Anthem: The Colin Kaepernick Effect and Its Implications for K-12 Sports. La. L. Rev., 78, 145.
    Monllos, K. (2017, September 25). This Social Analytics Firm Says the 4 Million #TakeAKnee Tweets Are Just the Beginning. Retrieved March 24, 2018, from http://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/this-social-analytics-firm-says-the-4-million-takeaknee-tweets-are-just-the-beginning/
    Montada, L., & Schneider, A. (1989). Justice and emotional reactions to the disadvantaged. Social
    Justice Research, 3, 313–344. doi:10.1007/BF01048081
    Morrison D (1971) Some notes toward theory on relative deprivation, social movements, and
    social change. American Behavioral Scientist 14(5): 675.
    National Anthem, 36 U.S. Code § 301 (2008).
    Oldfield, S., & Stokke, K. (2006). Building unity in diversity: Social movement activism in the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign. na.
    Peterson, A. (2016, July 07). Why the Philando Castile police-shooting video disappeared from Facebook - then came back. Retrieved March 03, 2018, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/07/07/why-facebook-took-down-the-philando-castile-shooting-video-then-put-it-back-up/?utm_term=.a6d602a4e4b0
    Phua, J. J. (2010). Sports fans and media use: Influence on sports fan identification and collective self-esteem. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3(2), 190-206.
    Pile, T. (2017, October 09). A breakdown of how much Mike Pence`s protest at the Colts game cost. Retrieved May 23, 2018, from https://www.aol.com/article/finance/2017/10/09/more-details-emerge-about-mike-pences-expensive-protest-at-the-colts-game/23237280/
    Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
    Rapaport, D. (2017, October 14). Hertha Berlin players take knee during German anthem. Retrieved May 30, 2018, from https://www.si.com/soccer/2017/10/14/hertha-berlin-kneel-german-national-anthem-protest
    Rose, G. (2012). Visual methodologies: An introduction to researching with visual materials. London, UK: Sage.
    Runciman, W. G. (1966). Relative deprivation and social justice: a study of attitudes to social inequality in twentieth-century England. University of California Press.
    Saab, R., Tausch, N., Spears, R., & Cheung, W. Y. (2015). Acting in solidarity: Testing an extended dual pathway model of collective action by bystander group members. British Journal of Social Psychology, 54(3), 539-560.
    Sanderson, J. (2013). From loving the hero to despising the villain: Sports fans, Facebook, and social identity threats. Mass Communication and Society, 16(4), 487-509.
    Sarcevic, A., Palen, L., White, J., Starbird, K., Bagdouri, M., & Anderson, K. (2012). " Beacons of hope" in decentralized coordination. In ACM 2012 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW`12.
    Schatz, Robert T., Ervin Staub, and Howard Lavine. 1999. “On theVarieties National Attachment: Blind versus Constructive Patriotism.” Political Psychology 20(1):151–74.
    Scott, E. (2017, October 19). Analysis | The battles both Trump and the NFL have won in this culture war. Retrieved May 29, 2018, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/10/19/trump-and-the-nfl-are-both-winning-and-losing-this-culture-war/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.226e3b9de920
    Search Result FAQs. (2018). Retrieved July 24, 2018, from https://help.twitter.com/en/using-twitter/top-search-results-faqs
    Selk, A. (2017, September 24). How the national anthem - and subverting it - became a pregame tradition in America. Retrieved March 27, 2018, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/09/24/how-the-national-anthem-and-subverting-it-became-a-pregame-tradition-in-america/?utm_term=.4fd96c4a198e
    Seo, H. (2014). Visual propaganda in the age of social media: An empirical analysis of Twitter images during the 2012 Israeli–Hamas conflict. Visual Communication Quarterly, 21(3), 150-161.
    Seo, H., & Thorson, S. (2012). Networks of networks: Changing patterns in country bandwidth and centrality in global information infrastructure, 2002–2010. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 345–358.
    Simon, B., & Klandermans, B. (2001). Politicized collective identity: A social psychological analysis. American psychologist, 56(4), 319.
    Shantz, J. (2000). A post-sorelian theory of social movement unity: Social myth reconfigured in the work of Laclau and Mouffe. Dialectical anthropology, 25(1), 89-108.
    Simon, B. (2011). Collective identity and political engagement. Identity and participation in culturally diverse societies, 137-157.
    Slater, D. (2002). Social relationships and identity online and offline. Handbook of new media: Social shaping and consequences of ICTs, 533-546.
    Smith, E. R. (1993). Social identity and social emotions: Toward new conceptualizations of prejudice. In Affect, cognition and stereotyping (pp. 297-315).
    Smyth, L. F. (2002). Identity-based conflicts: a systemic approach evaluation project. Negotiation Journal, 18(2), 147-161.
    Spivey, D., (1983). The Black Athlete in Big-Time Intercollegiate Sports, 1941 – 1968. Phylon, 44. http://www.jstor.org/stable/275023
    Stürmer, S. & Simon, B. (2004). Collective action: Towards a dual-pathway model. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 15, pp. 59-99). Chichester, England: Wiley.
    Sutherland, N., Land, C., & Böhm, S. (2014). Anti-leaders (hip) in Social Movement Organizations: The case of autonomous grassroots groups. Organization, 21(6), 759-781.
    Swarts, H. (2011). Drawing new symbolic boundaries over old social boundaries: Forging social movement unity in congregation-based community organizing. Sociological Perspectives, 54(3), 453-477.
    Sweetman, J., Spears, R., Livingstone, A. G., & Manstead, A. S. (2013). Admiration regulates social hierarchy: Antecedents, dispositions, and effects on intergroup behavior. Journal of experimental social psychology, 49(3), 534-542.
    Taylor, V., & Van Dyke, N. (2004). “Get up, stand up”: tactical repertoires of social movements. The Blackwell companion to social movements, 262-293.
    Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict.
    Tennery, A. (2016, September 14). Most Americans disagree with Kaepernick, but respect his right to protest. Retrieved March 03, 2018, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nfl-anthem-poll/most-americans-disagree-with-kaepernick-but-respect-his-right-to-protest-idUSKCN11K2ID
    Theocharis, Y., Lowe, W., Van Deth, J. W., & García Albacete, G. M. (2013). Using Twitter to mobilise protest action: Transnational online mobilisation patterns and action repertoires in the Occupy Wall Street. Indignados and Aganaktismenoi Movements (February 18, 2013).
    Thomas, E. F. (2005). The role of social identity in creating positive beliefs and emotions to motivate volunteerism. Australian Journal on Volunteering, 10, 45–52.
    Thomas, E. F., McGarty, C., & Mavor, K. I. (2009). Aligning identities, emotions, and beliefs to create commitment to sustainable social and political action. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(3), 194-218.
    Time Magazine. (2017, December 28). Retrieved June 29, 2018, from https://www.allsides.com/news-source/time-magazine-news-media-bias
    Tracy, M. (2017, October 13). Howard Cheerleaders Add Voices to the Anthem Debate by Taking a Knee. Retrieved May 29, 2018, from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/13/sports/ncaafootball/anthem-protests-howard-.html
    Trump, D. J. (2018, March 25). Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump). Retrieved March 25, 2018, from https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump?lang=en
    Tufekci, Z. (2017). Twitter and tear gas: The power and fragility of networked protest. New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press.
    Tyler T and Smith H (1995) Social justice and social movements. In: Gilbert D, Fiske ST and
    Lindzey G (eds) Handbook of Social Psychology (vol. 4). Boston, MA: McGraw–Hill,
    pp. 595–629.
    U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts. (2018). Retrieved March 03, 2018, from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/RHI225216#viewtop
    U.S. Const. amend. I.
    Van Zomeren, M., Leach, C. W., & Spears, R. (2012). Protesters as “passionate economists” a dynamic dual pathway model of approach coping with collective disadvantage. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(2), 180-199.
    Van Zomeren, M., Postmes, T., & Spears, R. (2008). Toward an integrative social identity model of collective action: A quantitative research synthesis of three socio-psychological perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 504-535.
    Van Zomeren, M., Spears, R., Fischer, A. H., & Leach, C. W. (2004). Put your money where your mouth is! Explaining collective action tendencies through group-based anger and group efficacy. Journal of personality and social psychology, 87(5), 649.
    Walker, I., & Smith, H. J. (2002). Relative deprivation: Specification, development, and integration. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
    Walther, J. B. (1996). Computer-mediated communication: Impersonal, interpersonal, and
    hyperpersonal interaction. Communication Research, 23, 3–43.
    Warner, R., Diaz, A., & Erwin, J. (2012, January 17). The Most Politically Outspoken Black Athletes of All Time. Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://www.complex.com/sports/2012/01/the-most-politically-outspoken-black-athletes-of-all-time/
    Wetzstein, I. (2017). The Visual Discourse of Protest Movements on Twitter: The Case of Hong Kong 2014. Media and Communication, 5(4), 26-36.
    Wright, S. C., Taylor, D. M., & Moghaddam, F. M. (1990). Responding to membership in a
    disadvantaged group: From acceptance to collective protest. Journal of Personality and
    Social Psychology, 58, 994±1003.
    Wright, S. C. (2009). The next generation of collective action research. Journal of Social Issues, 65, 859–879. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01628.x
    Wyche, S. (2016, August 27). Colin Kaepernick explains why he sat during the national anthem. Retrieved from http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000691077/article/colin-kaepernick-explains-protest-of-national-anthem
    Zhao, X., Zhu, F., Qian, W., & Zhou, A. (2013). Impact of multimedia in Sina Weibo: Popularity and life span. In Semantic Web and Web Science (pp. 55-65). Springer, New York, NY.
    Zhu, Q., Skoric, M., & Shen, F. (2017). I shield myself from thee: Selective avoidance on social media during political protests. Political Communication, 34(1), 112–131.
    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
    105461030
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1054610301
    資料類型: thesis
    DOI: 10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMICS.015.2018.F05
    顯示於類別:[國際傳播英語碩士學程] 學位論文

    文件中的檔案:

    檔案 大小格式瀏覽次數
    030101.pdf2228KbAdobe PDF2212檢視/開啟


    在政大典藏中所有的資料項目都受到原著作權保護.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - 回饋