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    题名: 布蘭登與麥道爾論理由空間中的世界表徵
    Brandom and McDowell on representing the world in the space of reasons
    作者: 張淑惠
    Chang, Shu-Hui
    贡献者: 林從一
    Lin, Chung-I
    張淑惠
    Chang, Shu-Hui
    关键词: 塞拉斯
    布蘭登
    麥道爾
    所與
    理由空間
    表徵
    推論主義
    意義與內容規範論
    三角測量
    觀察兩層說
    Sellars
    Brandom
    McDowell
    The given
    The space of reasons
    Representation
    Inferentialism
    Meaning and content normativism
    Triangulation
    Two-ply account of observation
    日期: 2018
    上传时间: 2018-08-29 15:54:25 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 中文摘要

    本論文形塑並且探討布蘭登（Robert B. Brandom）和麥道爾（John McDowell）所處理的心靈表徵之議題。首先，藉由討論塞拉斯（Wilfrid Sellars）的看法，關於表徵活動的說明要避免「所與」（the Given）的謬誤，亦即避免認知的內容由非認知的項目構成。同時，心靈被界定為「理由的邏輯空間」。最後，在麥道爾的闡發之下「理由空間」應該要「向世界開放」。然而，由於「理由空間」這個觀念使得心靈和世界被置入兩個互不相屬的空間，而令「避免所與」和「向世界開放」的要求陷入兩難。
    於是布蘭登和麥道爾所處理的議題便是：如何在心靈的理由空間表徵世界而不陷入上述兩難？本論文研究布蘭登和麥道爾的學說，尋求兩位哲學家如何回應議題。布蘭登的方案主張「理由空間」是社會推論的語意空間，而世界是概念式的，說話者藉由「適當推論」的表徵規範而使被表徵的事實命題被理解。麥道爾的方案主張表徵經驗對象就是在經驗和思想之間形成理由關係，經驗和世界都在概念的理由空間中。本論文論證：布蘭登錯誤地將「刺激」（事實）與「知覺判斷」之間的規範關係以因果關係來說明。其次，麥道爾運用建構式哲學來做治療性哲學，在說明理性是「第二自然」時面臨了方法與目的之間的緊張與矛盾。
    本論文進一步分析了布蘭登和麥道爾方案所蘊含的「意義或內容規範論」。另外，藉由探討「兩個空間」之間的可能關係，本論文論證：基於認知視角的必然性和優先性，「理由空間」應該要擴展到自然的空間、納入自然空間中的項目。這一個論點正是呼應了麥道爾的「理性限制（rational constraint）的原則」。由於這個論證，本論文得以在科學的自然觀和麥道爾的亞里斯多德式自然觀之外，為布蘭登的方案提出第三種的自然觀。
    布蘭登接受較弱意義的「理性限制的原則」但是沒有提出自己的方案。本論文陸續在不同的階段為布蘭登逐步構作知識論上強的de re ascription方案 - 規範性的「三角測量」知覺理論。這個方案符合了「理性限制的原則」。由於建立了推論主義的知覺理論，本論文能夠進一步為布蘭登成功地回應麥道爾關於推論主義如何說明「經驗內容」和「推論比表徵更基礎」的質疑。最後，本論文考察了兩位哲學家關於基礎論與融貫論的知識論立場，詳細分析他們關於「非推論知識」的爭辯，以及布蘭登「觀察兩層說」的新穎內涵與應用。



    關鍵字：塞拉斯；布蘭登；麥道爾；所與；理由空間；表徵；推論主義；意義
    與內容規範論；三角測量；觀察兩層說
    Abstract

    This thesis addresses the problem of representation facing Brandom’s and McDowell’s philosophy of language, philosophy of mind and epistemology. In agree with Sellars, both Brandom and McDowell insist that any legitimate account of representation must not fall trap on fallacy of “the Given”, the idea that non-cognitive items can serve as basis of knowledge. Both Brandom and McDowell also agree with Sellars in that the mind in general, and representation in particular, characteristically resides in“the logical space of reasons”, which is different in kind from “the logical space of laws”used to characterize nature. The main concern here can be sharpened by McDowell’s idea that in representing , the space of reasons must “open to the world”. But it appears that the very conception of space of reasons makes it a dilemma to avoid the Given as well as to open to the world .
    So the main issue of this thesis is that how to represent the world in the space of reasons without fall victim to the dilemma . I explore Brandom’s and McDowell’s ways out of the dilemma. For Brandom , the space of reasons is constituted by social-linguistic practical inference , and facts in the world are conceptual. Representing the fact is to understand it by proper inference. For McDowell , representing an empirical object is to be in rational relation between experience and thought , and both experience and the world are in the conceptual space of reasons . I point out some defects in both accounts. I argue that Brandom mistakes the normative relation between “stimulus”(which is facts) and perceptual judgments for causal relation . I also point out that McDowell’s method of constructive philosophy for ultimately therapeutic philosophy results in a serious tension in explicating human rationality as“second nature”.
    I try to analyze the meaning or content normativism implied in both accounts , which connects normativity with reasons . Most importantly , in enquiring the possible relation between “the space of reasons”and“the space of laws” , I argue that the necessity and priority of cognitive perspective demands us to extend the former space to the latter space to accommodate items of the latter . This point just echoes McDowell’s principle of“rational constraint”. I further construe third conception of nature for Brandom’s account as a counterpart to McDowell’s Aristotelian conception of nature , as well as a counterpart to the scientific conception of nature .
    Brandom accepts a weaker sense of rational constraint , but he didn’t provide his own alternative . I elaborate for Brandom’s inferentialism at different phases an normative triangulation theory of perception , which Brandom calls“epistemologically strong de re ascription”. This alternative meets McDowell’s requirement , and it also helps to address McDowell’s criticisms that Brandom fails to explain “empirical content”and“ that inference is more basic than representation”. Finally , I investigate Brandom’s and McDowell’s positions about foundationalism and coherentism . Then I analyze their debate about non-inferential knowledge , exploring and assessing the boldness of the deep idea of Brandom’s two-ply account of observation .



    Keywords : Sellars ; Brandom ; McDowell ; the Given ; the space of reasons ; representation ; inferentialism ; meaning and content normativism ; triangulation ; two-ply account of observation
    參考文獻: 參考文獻

    中文：
    林從一，2004，《思想・語言・社會・世界：戴維森的詮釋理論》，台北：允
    晨文化。

    英文：

    Brandom, Robert B.（1994）. Making It Explicit : Reasoning, Representing, and
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    網路資源 :

    Bogen, James.（2017）. Theory and Observation in Science. In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, available from https ://plato.stanford.edu/entries/science-theory-observation/. 查閱日期：2018年3月。

    Connolly, Kevin. （2017）. Perceptual Learning. In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, available from https://plato.stanford.edu/enteries/perceptual-learning/.查閱日期：2018年3月。

    Glüer,Kathrin and Asa Wikforss .（2009）. The Normativity of Meaning and Content. In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, available from https ://plato.stanford.edu/entries/meaning-normativity/. 查閱日期：2011年3月。
    描述: 博士
    國立政治大學
    哲學系
    98154502
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098154502
    数据类型: thesis
    DOI: 10.6814/DIS.NCCU.Phi.004.2018.A02
    显示于类别:[哲學系] 學位論文

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