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    Title: 臺灣家戶結構現況下的戶中抽樣課題
    Other Titles: Household Structure and Random Selection within Household in Taiwan
    Authors: 林佳瑩
    Lin, Chia-Ying;Chiu, Min-Ko
    陳信木
    Chen, Hsin-Mu
    邱泯科
    Keywords: 戶中抽樣;家庭結構;樣本代表性;加權;普查;within-household sampling;census;weighting;household structure
    Date: 2006-10
    Issue Date: 2008-12-02 11:13:36 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 在抽樣調查中,不論是應用電話調查,抑或面訪調查,通常「家戶」乃是抽樣架構上最終可及的元素。然而,多數的調查研究係以個別的家戶成員作爲受訪者,因此,「戶中抽樣」成功與否,影響樣本代表性至極。基於此一緣故,多年以來,調查方法研究領域裡,許多學者努力發展各種有效、可行、且具代表性的戶中抽樣方法。關於戶中抽樣方法,自從Kish首先提出以來,雖然歷經各種修正調整,基本上,乃是企圖從被抽取之家戶內的全體成員中,以一簡單、可行、快速的方式隨機抽取受訪者。由於家戶的規模有限,不僅不是infinite,甚至,多數家戶的規模在三至五人之間-因此,無法達到大數法則所欲兌現的隨機精神(randomness),於是,經常產生偏誤的樣本。近數十年來,另一更大的衝擊,則是來自家戶組成結構的重大變遷-簡單地說,核心家庭取代傳統擴展家庭,而且,其他形式的家庭結構也是日漸盛行。也就是說,自Kish或Troldahl-Carter以來,家庭結構已經產生重大變遷,不僅家戶規模改變,戶中人口的年齡性別組成也是完全改觀。那麼,此一家戶結構變遷局面,將會影響是類戶中抽樣方法的合法性。另外,近年來,「生日法」固然經常應用於戶中抽樣,應用生日法所進行之戶中抽樣,其合法性前提,就是預設生日的分配乃是uniform。但是,研究證據顯示,生育事件呈現明顯的季節變化,如此一來,必將衝擊生日法的戶中抽樣樣本之代表性。本研究的主旨,就是評估各種家戶抽樣法所產生的樣本之代表性,在此,我們援用電腦模擬方法,以2000年臺灣人口普查資料作爲基礎,重複模擬各種戶中抽樣法所產生的樣本,藉此建立抽樣分配以比較與母體之差異程度,瞭解其樣本代表性的呈現狀況。本研究最終的目的,則是藉由電腦模擬結果,試圖瞭解在當前臺灣特定的家戶結構下,如何運用適切的戶中抽樣法,以抽取隨機具代表性之受訪樣本。綜合本文模擬研究結果,我們可以明確指出,採用戶中抽樣之下,樣本的代表性必然受到影響,尤其在獨特家戶結構與居住安排之情況下,性別年齡組成分佈將會扭曲。針對此一必然後果,援用加權途徑似乎可以改善樣本代表性,不過,由此引發新的課題,則是如何適切加權。在臺灣的家戶組成結構與居住安排模式之下,戶中抽樣所得樣本,必定形成代表性偏誤之問題。因此,對於戶中抽樣所得樣本的修正處理,乃是必要的,未來有待進一步探討。本文雖然援用加權處理,有關加權問題,卻又引發許多實務課題,也必須加以探討。除了引用加權法之外,可能還有其他策略,諸如「比例抽樣」或是按母體結果修正尾數的作法,都是可能的替代途徑。不過,不論是加權、比例抽樣、或尾數修正,都面臨另一難題,就是計算正確加權數值,並評估對於抽樣變異所造成影響-因爲,本文研究結果在在顯示,多階段抽樣之下,樣本的抽樣誤差已經遠高於SRS的理論定義,此一事實,引發我們必須重新檢討樣本推論時的合法性。 Households are usually sampled as an intermediary units to locate the individual persons in modern sample survey. Then, random selection of members within household is one of the major activities in household survey administration. Since Kish`s recommendation in 1949, several approaches of selecting household members have been adopted in survey practices. However, the generated random samples tend to be biased. Furthermore, household structures dramatically change in the last several decades. These developments complicate the issues of within-household sampling. This study attempts to compare various within- household sampling methods and their performances. We simulate and generate samples by using various selection methods. The generated samples are compared to the population to evaluate their representation. We conclude that weighting is a necessary step in data processing to compensate the bias generated from within-household sampling.
    Relation: 調查研究:方法與應用 , 20, 45-91
    Data Type: article
    Appears in Collections:[社會學系] 期刊論文

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