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    題名: 從名⼈外交看現代外交的軟性出路
    Celebrity Diplomacy– A “Soft” Way-out of Contemporary Diplomacy
    作者: 彭書睿
    Peng, Su-Rey
    貢獻者: 嚴震生
    Yen, Chen-Shen
    彭書睿
    Peng, Su-Rey
    關鍵詞: 名人外交
    非國家行為者
    軟實力
    微權力
    公眾外交
    台灣之光
    Celebrity diplomacy
    Non-state actors
    Soft power
    Public diplomacy
    The pride of Taiwan
    日期: 2018
    上傳時間: 2018-07-27 12:51:29 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 進入二十一世紀，當傳播理論、通訊科技、政治實踐都需要被重新定義的這個時刻，現代外交國際舞台的主角已經不一定是傳統的菁英。從跨國公司、非營利機構、非政府組織，商界名流甚至恐怖份子等非國家行為者，也在不同的舞台上展現出不容忽視的「微權力」。
    本文檢視了當代國際政治中日益重要的名人行動主義的外交行動及其發展脈絡，並試建立一個分析框架，去理解名人外交的定義，評價，與未來性。透過案例研究，簡要回顧了在軟性外交光譜下的非國家行為者當中，有影響力的個人作為與模式，並且耙梳其中的共通性，差異性，以及發展潛力與路線的爭議。
    本研究肯定了「名人外交」在現代外交行動中不可忽視的現象。在軟與硬，政府與公眾，在名人與素人互相交織的維度之間，具體的為名人外交的必要元素與補充條件的輪廓明確描繪。最後以此定義檢視以台灣當前的文本當中，是否有以名人外交作為外交替代路徑的條件，作為本文的貢獻
    Entering the 21st century, the leading casts of Modern diplomacy are no longer the traditional elites of political states. Multinational enterprises, INGOs, individuals from market place, entertainment, professional sports and beyond, and even terrorists across borders are the new players on the stage of international affairs. The none-state actors had demonstrated the power and influence of amateurs.
    This paper aims to establish a contextual framework for the history and evolution of celebrity activism, its definition, critics and possibilities. This article examines and categorizes the patterns and modules of celebrity diplomacy via select case studies on “celebrities” exclusively, who are by definition non-state actors as individuals.
    The research affirms that “celebrity diplomacy” is a phenomenon shouldn’t be overlooked in the arena of contemporary diplomacy. The primary and supplementary
    elements of celebrity diplomacy and diplomats can be analyzed by demarcating the dimension between the soft and hard power, the state and the public, celebrities and
    amateurs. The effort of this paper is also to examine whether we are legit to practice celebrity diplomacy as the alternative diplomatic approach in the contexts of Taiwan.
    And the finding is rather negative by the fact of lacking either the star power or willingness to make a difference.
    參考文獻: 參考書目
    一、中文部分
    （一）書籍（含譯著）
    Bornstein, David 著，汪芸譯。《志工企業家-提升人類社會的力量》（How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas）台北市：天下遠見，2006。
    Friedman, Thomas著，丘羽先等譯。《世界又熱又平又擠：全球暖化、能源耗竭、人口爆炸危機下的新經濟革命》（Hot, Flat, and Crowded： Why The World Needs a Green Revolution---And How We Can Renew Our Global Future）台北市：天下遠見，2008。 頁 357-363。
    Heywood, Andrew 著，李賜賢，劉泰廷，陳婉郁譯，陳牧民審閱。《全球政治》。台北市：五南圖書，2013。
    Jolie, Angelina著，吳妍、蘇有薇譯。《那些人．那些事—安潔莉娜．裘莉親善大使日記》（Notes from My Travels: Visits with Refugees in Africa, Cambodia, Pakistan and Ecuador）台北市：馬可孛羅，2005。
    Klein, Naomi著，吳國卿、王柏鴻譯。《震撼主義-災難經濟的興起》(The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism) 台北市：時報文化，2009。
    McLuhan, Marshall、Fiore, Quentin、Agel, Jerome著，楊惠君譯。《媒體即訊息》（The Medium is the Massage）台北市：積木出版社，2009。
    Naim, Moises 著，陳森譯。《微權力：從會議室、軍事衝突、宗教到國家，全力為何衰退與轉移，世界將屬於誰？ 》。（The End of Power: From Boardrooms to Battlefields and Churches to States, Why Being in Charge Isn’t What It Used to Be ）台北市：商周，2015。
    Sachs, Jeffrey 著，鐵人雍譯。《終結貧窮：如何在我們有生之年做到》（The End of Poverty: How We Can Make it Happen in Our Lifetime）台北市：臉譜，2007。
    卜正珉。《公眾外交--軟性國力，理論與策略》。台北市：允晨，2009。
    王宏慈。〈援助國發展合作的制度與機制〉，《國際發展合作的概念與實務》。台北市：智勝，2007。頁28-42。
    宋學文編。《第二軌道外交之機會與限制》。台中市：大同資訊圖書，2000。
    李希光、周慶安編，2005。《軟力量與全球傳播》。北京市：清華大學出版社。
    金子將史、北野充主編，劉江永審校，2010。《公共外交：輿論時代的外交戰略》。北京市：外語教學與研究出版社。
    周軼君。《拜訪革命：從加德滿都、德黑蘭到倫敦，全球民主浪潮的見證與省思》（The Portrait of Revolution: Reveal and Reflect on the Wave of Global Democratic Protests）。台北市，八旗文化，2016。
    倪世雄。《當代國際關係理論》。台北市，五南，2003。
    鈕文英。《質性研究方法與論文寫作》。台北市，雙葉書廊，2014。
    彭明輝。《研究生完全求生手冊：方法、秘訣、潛規則》。台北市，聯經，2017。
    張慶勳。《論文寫作軟權力》。台北市:五南出版社，2011。
    蔡明彥。〈強制外交在國際政治的運用〉，《大國政治與強制外交》。台北市：鼎茂，2016。頁 136-148。

    （二）期刊與研討會論文
    邱韻芹，2016/6。〈 從台灣之光到全球公民：臺灣與韓國在國際社會的自我定位〉，《台灣新社會智庫》， 第45期，頁70-76。
    李明峻，2004/10/16。〈全球政府開發援助發展趨勢與台灣策略－國際法觀點〉，「援外的世界潮流」國際研討會。台北市：財團法人國際合作發展基金會。
    趙剛著，2004。〈全球化時代的「軟權力」與文化安全策略〉，《國際論壇》，第六卷第二期，頁1-4。

    （三）學位論文
    孫國祥。《中共文化軟實力外交之實踐-以中國文化中心為例》。政治大學外交研究所碩士論文，2017。
    許家榮。《行銷與創意-台灣公共外交之研究》。政治大學外交研究所碩士論文，2010。
    黃嫚瑩。《日本公眾外交政策之政經邏輯》。政治大學外交研究所碩士論文，2017。
    傅筱琳。《軟性權力之概念與應用：以台灣的外交實踐為例》。政治大學外交研究所碩士論文，2005。
    龔雋幃。《「台灣之光」：一種布希亞式的示現》。政治大學社會學研究所碩士論文，2013。

    （四）報紙雜誌電子媒體
    2012/8/25。〈「亞洲的諾貝爾獎」麥格塞塞 台灣陳樹菊排首位！」〉，《東森新聞雲》，<http://www.ettoday.net/news/20120825/93197.htm> 。
    2013/11/26。〈恨鐵不成鋼 李安：台灣人好，但政治、媒體不太好！〉，《ETtoday星光雲》，< https://star.ettoday.net/news/300543#ixzz5ERUlkF7b>。
    2016/5/20。〈中國國台辦：蔡英文未「明確承認『九二共識』」〉，《BBC中文網》，<http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/china/2016/05/160520_tsai_china_reaction_concensus>。
    王岩，2008/2/14。〈中方對斯皮爾伯格放棄奧運顧問聲明表示遺憾〉，《搜狐新聞》，< http://news.sohu.com/20080214/n255164896.shtml>
    江今葉，2010/7/3。<洛時：台灣走向名聲外交>，《中央社》，<http://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201007030011-1.aspx>。
    張泉湧，2018/3/14。<輕視科學證據的川普與全球氣候變遷>，《風傳媒》，<http://www.storm.mg/article/410083 >。
    張曉雯，2012/2/24。〈Linsanity成英文單字〉，《 中央通訊社》，<http://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201202240052-1.aspx>。
    韓榕華，2003/8/20。〈聯合國駐伊辦事處爆炸 伊問題特別代表死亡〉，《中國日報》，2003年08月20日。< http://news.sina.com.cn/w/2003-08-20/0905599536s.shtml>。
    鐘辰芳，2012/2/13。〈美國職籃“林來瘋”引發林書豪籍貫之爭〉，《美國之音中文網》，<https://www.voachinese.com/a/article-20120213-jeremy-lin-ancestry-139246878/804103.html>。
    （五）網際網路
    袁南生，2014/9/1。<美國總統與平民的書信互動>，《愛思想》， <www.aisixiang.com/data/77450.html >。
    趙磊，2015/10/29。<「一帶一路」需要什麼樣的中國企業?>，《壹讀網》，<https://read01.com/EyB0JN.html>。

    二、英文部分
    （一）專書
    Alleyne, Mark. Global Lies? Propaganda, the UN and the World Order. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
    Arora, N. D.. Political Science for Civil Services Main Examination. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2010.
    Barston, R.P.. Modern Diplomacy. New York: Routledge, 2016.
    Cooper, Andrew. Celebrity Diplomacy. New York: Paradigm Publishers, 2008.
    Cooper, Andrew., Heine, Jorge., and Thakur Amesh. Modern Diplomacy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
    Foucault, Michel. Power: The Essential Works of Michel Foucault (Dits et écrits), trans., Robert Hurley. New York: New Press, 2001.
    Goland, Guy J., Yang, Sung-un., and Kinsey, Dennis. International Public Relations and Public Diplomacy: Communication and Engagement. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2015.
    Hoffman, Arthur (ed.). International Communication and the New Diplomacy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1968.
    Leonard, Mark. Public Diplomacy. London: Foreign Policy Center, 2002.
    Melissen, Jan. (ed.). The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations. New York: Palgrabe MacMillan, 2005.
    Morgenthau, Hans. Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2006.
    Morriss, Peter. Power: A Philosophical Analysis, 2nd edition. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2002.
    Rojek, Chris. Celebrity. London: Reaktion Books, 2001.
    Said, Edward. Cultural and Imperialism. New York: Vintage, 1993.
    Solove, Daniel J.. The Future of Reputation. Kirkwood: Vaiil-Ballou Press, 2007.
    “The Gospel of Luke”, New Testament of the Holy Bible.
    Tsaliki, Liza., Frangonikolopoulos, Christos., and Huliaras, Asteries (ed.). Transnational Celebrity Activism in Global Politics: Changing the World? Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.
    Wheeler, Mark. Celebrity Politics. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013.

    （二）專書論文
    Calhoun, Craig (ed.). “Non-State Actors”, Dictionary of the Social Sciences. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
    Geraghty, Christine. “Re-examining Stardom: Questions of Texts, Bodies and Performance,” in Gledhill and Williams, (ed.), Reinventing Film Studies. London: Arnold, 2000. pp. 183-201.
    Halliday, Fred. “The Romance of Non-state Actors.” in Josselin and Wallace (ed.), Non-state Actors in World Politics. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001. pp. 21-37.
    Smith, Jackie. “Social Movements and Multilateralism”, in Edward Newman, Ramesh Thakur, and John Tirman (ed.), Multilateralism under Challenge: Power, International Order, and Structure Change. Tokyo: UN University Press, 2006. pp. 303-334.
    Su, Changhe. “Soft Power,” in Andrew F. Cooper, Jorge Heine, and Ramesh Thakur, (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. pp. 544-558.
    Wagner, Markus. “Non-State Actors” in Rüdiger Wolfrum, (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

    （三）期刊論文
    Chouliaraki, Lilie. “The Theatricality of Humanitarianism: A Critique of Celebrity Advocacy,” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, Vol. 9, No.1, 2011. pp. 1-21.
    Dieter, Heribert and Kumar, Rajiv. The Downside of Celebrity Diplomacy: The Neglected Complexity of Development,” Global Governance, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2008. pp. 259-264
    Fitzpatrick, Kathy. “Advancing the New Public Diplomacy: A Public Relations Perspective,” The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, Vol.2, 2007. pp. 203.
    Huliaras, Asteris and Tzifakis, Nikolaos. “Celebrity Activism in International Relations: In Search of a Framework for Analysis,” Global Society, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2010. pp. 255-274.
    Kelley, John. “The New Diplomacy: Evolution of a Revolution”, Diplomacy & Statecraft, Vol. 21 No. 2, 2010. pp. 286-305.
    McCoy, D., Kembhavi, G., Patel J., and Luintel A. “The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation`s Grant-making Programme for Global Health,” The Lance, Vol. 373, 2009. pp. 1650.
    Nye, Joseph S. “Soft Power.” Foreign Policy, Vol. 80, 1990. pp. 153-171.
    Nye, Joseph S. “The Decline of America’s Soft Power.” Foreign Affairs. Vol. 83, No. 3 May/June, 2004. pp. 13-21.
    Street, John, “Do Celebrity Politics and Celebrity Politicians Matter?”, The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, Vol. 12, No. 3, 2012. pp. 346-356.
    Wadlow, Rene. “Non-State Actors in International Relations”, International Journal on World Peace. Sep 2002. pp. 97-100.
    Wheeler, Mark. “Transnational Celebrity Activism: Advocacy and Diplomacy,” Celebrity Politics. UK: Polity Press, 2013. pp. 142~168.

    （四）學位論文
    Martensson, Arbenita. Celebrity Diplomats – Strategic Communication Resources and Meditators between the Power, Victims and the Global Public. Thesis, Department of Strategic Communication, Lund University, 2018.
    Visser, Noortje.. Celebrity Diplomacy: A Friend or Foe of Official Diplomacy? Master Dissertation, Political Science – International Relations, University of Amsterdam, 2012.

    （五）報紙雜誌
    Blankfeld, Keren, 2009/9/30. “Countries Billionaires Could Buy,” Forbes, <https://www.forbes.com/2009/09/29/forbes-400-gates-dell-walton-charney-rich-list-09-billionaires-vs-world.html#7c61bfe61050>.
    Brown, DeNeen L., 2017/9/24. “They didn’t #TakeTheKnee: The Black Power Protest Salute That Shook the World in 1968,” The Washington Post, <https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/09/24/they-didnt-takeaknee-the-black-power-protest-salute-that-shook-the-world-in-1968/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.e29b1c4dba67>.
    Cooper, Helene, 2007/4/13. “Darfur Collides with Olympics, and China Yields,” New York Times, <https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/13/washington/13diplo.html >.
    Doughty, Eleanor, 2015/7/24. &quot;Facebook is The Most Popular Social Network for the Over 50s,&quot; The Telegraph, <https://www.telegraph.co.uk/goodlife/11751851/Facebook-is-the-most-popular-social-network-for-the-over-50s.html >.
    Gibbs, Nancy, 2005. “The Good Samaritans: Melinda Gates, Bono and Bill Gates: Three People on a Global Mission to End Poverty, Disease—and Indifference”, Time, December 19, 2005, <http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1142278,00.html>.
    Kerry, John, 2018/2/8. “What Angelina Jolie is Fighting for Now,” Elle Magazine, <https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a16642591/angelina-jolie-march-cover-2018/>.
    Kralev, Nicholas, 2018/2/1.“Diplomats Are Made, Not Born.” New York Times, <https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/01/opinion/diplomats-training-foreign-policy.html>. McGreal, Chris, 2007/7/19. “Mandela`s Elders to Tackle Global Crises”, Guardian Weekly, <https://www.theguardian.com/guardianweekly/story/0,,2135237,00.html>.
    Moore, Malcolm, 2015/2/2. “Inside China`s most radical cult,” The Telegraph, <https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/11046155/Inside-Chinas-most-radical-cult.html >.
    Semler, Ashley and Strasser, Franz, 2014/1/23. “How `Ping Pong Diplomacy` Brought Nixon to China,” BBC News. <http://www.bbc.com/news/av/magazine-25836922/how-ping-pong-diplomacy-brought-nixon-to-china>.
    Sui, Cindy, 2010/7/1. “Taiwan Turns to Celebrity Diplomacy,” LA Times, <http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/01/world/la-fg-taiwan-celebrities-20100702>.
    Yeh, Jospeh, 2010/7/29. “NBA Player Jeremy Lin Focused on the Court, Skirts National Team Issues for Now,” Taiwan News, <https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/1331817>.
    Zeller, Jr., Tom, 2006/11/13. “Bono, Trying to Throw His Arms Around the World,” The New York Times, <https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/13/us/13bono.html?n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fP%2fPhilanthropy>.

    （五）網路資料文章
    Alaimo, Kara, 2015/10/8. “How the Facebook Arabic Page ‘We Are All Khaled Said’ Helped Promote the Egyptian Revolution,” SAGE journals, <http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2056305115604854 >.
    Brownstein, Ronald, 2011/6/3. “Top 20 Celebrity Activists of All Time: An Inside Look at Stars Ranging from Harry Belafonte to Ronald Reagan,” AARP Official, <https://www.aarp.org/politics-society/advocacy/info-06-2011/NJ-Top-20-Celebrities.html>.
    Gao, Charlotte, 2018/1/29. “Aamir Khan: India’s Soft Power in China” The Diplomat, <https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/aamir-khan-indias-soft-power-in-china>.
    Marks, Sally and Chas, 2018/5/2. “Diplomacy,” Encyclopedia Britannica, <https://www.britannica.com/topic/diplomacy >.
    Moll, James, 2008/4/20. “About the Run,” Running the Sahara, <http://www.runningthesahara.com>.
    Russell, Jason, 2012/3/5. “Kony 2012”, Youtube, <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4MnpzG5Sqc >
    Schlegel, Heather, 2014/9/23. “In Trust We Trust: Why Reputation is the Currency of the Future,” CNN Online, < https://edition.cnn.com/2014/09/23/opinion/in-trust-reputation-currency>.
    “The Power of Non-State Actors”, Public Diplomacy Magazine (PD Mag), <http://www.publicdiplomacymagazine.com/introducing-our-summer-2014-issue-the-power-of-non-state-actors/ >.

    （六）機構與組織官方網站
    OM official Ministry Website, <https://www.om.org/en/content/about-om >.
    One Campaign official : <https://www.one.org/international/>.
    The UN Goodwill Ambassadors website, <http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/sport/home/unplayers/goodwillambassadors>.
    The UN Refugee Agency Official website <http://www.unhcr.org>.
    World Vision International, <https://www.wvi.org>
    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    外交學系戰略與國際事務碩士在職專班
    1009220132
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1009220132
    資料類型: thesis
    DOI: 10.6814/THE.NCCU.DIPSIS.002.2018.F09
    顯示於類別:[戰略與國際事務碩士在職專班] 學位論文

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