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| Title: | 後冷戰時期美國與巴西關係的演變與發展： 從區域整合的角度分析
The change and development of US-Brazil relations in the post-Cold War era: the perspective of regional integration |
| Authors: | 林千郁
Lin, Chien Yu |
| Contributors: | 鄧中堅
Teng, Chung Chian
林千郁
Lin, Chien Yu |
| Keywords: | 美洲自由貿易區
南美共同市場
北美自由貿易區
區域整合
新自由主義
拉美區域主義
美洲區域主義
Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)
MERCOSUR
NAFTA
regional integration
neoliberalism
Latin American regionalism
American regionalism |
| Date: | 2017 |
| Issue Date: | 2017-03-01 17:31:28 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 蔚為金磚四國的巴西屬拉丁美洲國家中發展最快速的國家，其近年來的崛起也使其在南美洲及拉丁美洲的重要性越形顯著。而美國自門羅主義以來在拉美保持主導地位的一貫歷史脈絡也使美國更重視巴西的崛起及與巴西之間雙邊關係，故美巴關係之研究甚多，而本論文以美巴雙邊關係以及其在區域整合的互動作為主要研究標的，且本論文認為兩國的雙邊關係是屬於既衝突又合作的亦敵亦友關係，意即兩國即使長期為盟友關係，仍有許多在雙邊與多邊的經貿、政治軍事、社會環保、及全球場域議題等等的衝突與分歧。
再者，本論文聚焦在區域整合的範疇下，美巴兩國衝突多於合作的互動關係部分。有鑒於美洲自由貿易區(FTAA)為美巴在美洲區域整合歷程中最重要的平台，本論文以美巴在美洲自由貿易區的互動為例。美洲自貿區自1994年美洲首腦會議的成立至2004年馬德普拉塔美洲首腦會議正式宣告談判破局之間，成員國之間意見嚴重分歧無法取得共識，而至今尚未重新展開談判。談判破局因素繁多，包括成員國太多利益難以匯聚、各國發展程度不同等等，然而本論文認為最重要的因素為美巴兩國之間的分歧導致談判的破局。故本論文著重在分析美巴在美洲自貿區談判回合談判破裂的成因、內容與後續影響。而本論文於文末評估美巴雙方針對美洲自貿區議題可能持續分歧，自貿區談判回合短期內重啟的可能性較低，但長期仍待觀察。即使本論文認為美巴在自貿區的互動由於對自由貿易見解及對區域整合認知的不同而為衝突大於合作，本論文仍不否定美巴在各領域的合作層面。
Brazil, as the most developed country in the South America and member of BRICS, occupies more and more important status in South America and Latin America after its upcoming rising. The U.S., under the Monroe Doctrine that stressed the leading role in Latin America, thus grows more attention and stress on Brazil and bilateral relationship. This thesis focuses mainly on the U.S.-Brazil bilateral relationship, especially from regional integration. Also, the author argues that bilateral relationship belongs to one that includes both cooperation and conflict, which makes the relationship more complicated in issues including bilateral and multilateral economic, military, politic, and social and environmental issues.
What’s more, the author argues that the US-brazil bilateral relationship, under the perspective of regional integration, contains more conflicts than cooperation, and the author studies the relationship via the Free Trade of the Americas (FTAA). The FTAA suffers numerous conflicts among members, especially from the co-chairship the US and Brazil, and it finally was officially announced the failure of meeting agreement and postpone the negotiation rounds in 2005. Of course there are many reasons that explain the failure, but the paper wanted to focus on the conflict between these two countries, and the reasons why their opinions clash and how they reacted after the failure in 2005. The paper also agrees the difficulty of reopening the negotiation rounds in the near future considering nowadays situation. Though this paper focuses on the conflict aspect of the bilateral relationship, it doesn’t veto the cooperation made in other issues or aspects from the two countries. |
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Prominent Role in the Americas”, CEPS Working Document, No. 374 (February 2013), pp.1-16, <http://aei.pitt.edu/40231/1/WD_No_374_Brazil`s_Continental_Regionalism.pdf>, (Accessed October 1, 2016).
Grugel, Jean, “New Regionalism and Modes of Governance- Comparing US and EU
Strategies in Latin America”, European Journal of International Relations. Vol. 10, No.4, (2004), pp. 603-626, <http://ejt.sagepub.com/content/10/4/603.full.pdf+html>, (Accessed July 17, 2016).
Harding, Erika, “Debate over Hemispheric Free Trade Zone Gains Force (Preview)”,
Latin America Data Base, Latin American & Iberian Institute, The University of New Mexico (March 3, 1994), pp.1-4, <file:///Users/lisa/Downloads/notisur(1994-03-03).pdf>, (Accessed July 10, 2016).
Hurrell, Andrew, “Hegemony, Liberalism, and Global Order: What Space for
would-be Great Powers?”, International Affairs, Vol. 82, Issue 1, (January 2006), pp.1-19, <https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3569127.pdf?_=1468918285582>, (Accessed January 4, 2016).
Keller, Renata, “Building ‘Nuestra América’: National Sovereignty and Regional
Integration in the Americas”, Contexto Internacional, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 35, No 2, (July/December 2013), pp.537-564, <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-85292013000200008>, (Accessed June 4, 2016).
Kindleberger, Charles P., “Dominance and Leadership in the International Economy:
Exploitation, Public Goods, and Free Rides”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol.25, No.2, (1981), pp. 242-254, <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2600355?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>, (Accessed November 7, 2014).
Lazarou, Elena, “Brazil and Regional Integration in South America: Lessons from the
EU’s Crisis”, Contexto Internacional, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 35, No 2, (July/December 2013), pp.353-385, <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-85292013000200002>, (Accessed July 4, 2016).
Niskanen, William A., “Economic Deregulation in the United States: Lessons for
America, Lessons for China”, Cato Journal, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Cato Institute, Winter 1989), pp.657-668, <http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/1989/1/cj8n3-6.pdf>, (Accessed July 26, 2016).
Park, Jong H., “The New Regionalism and Third World Development”, Journal of
Developing Societies, Vol.11, No. 1, (1995), pp. 11-25, <http://huso.stpi.narl.org.tw.autorpa.lib.nccu.edu.tw/husoc/husokm?0012A8E60002020100000100000C046000000001000000000^>, (Accessed November 6, 2014).
Prevost, Gary and Robert Weber, “The Free Trade Area of the Americas in the
Context of U.S.-Latin American Relations”, Journal of Developing Societies, Vol. 19, No. 2-3, (June 2003), pp.114-136, <http://jds.sagepub.com/content/19/2-3/114.full.pdf+html>, (Accessed November 20, 2016).
Weintraub, Sydney, “Brazil-U.S. Economic Relations”, Issues in International
Political Economy No. 16, Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), (April 2001), <https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/pubs/issues200104.pdf>, (Accessed May 2, 2016).
Yamada, Atsushi, “Between Regionalism and Multilateralism: New Dilemmas in U.S.
Trade Policy”, Working Paper Series 01/02, NO.5, IDE APEC Study Center (March 2002), pp.1-33, <http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Apec/pdf/2001_17.pdf>, (Accessed July 30, 2016).
（三）Conference Papers
Cardoso, Eliana, “A Brief History of Trade Policies in Brazil: From ISI, Export
Promotion and Import Liberalization to Multilateral and Regional Agreements”,
Paper prepared for the conference on “The Political Economy of Trade Policy in
the BRICS”, New Orleans, (March 27-28, 2009).
Plant, Elaine and Mehdi Taghian, “Regional Trade Agreements: a Comparison”,
Sustainable Management and Marketing: Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy Conference (ANZMAC), Melbourne, Vic. (2009), pp.1-8, <http://dro.deakin.edu.au/eserv/DU:30024171/taghian-regionaltrade-2009.pdf>, (Accessed July 25, 2016).
（四）Official Websites and Publications
1. Official Websites
First Summit of the Americas, Declaration of Miami, December 9-11, 1994, FTAA
Official Website, <http://www.ftaa-alca.org/Summits_e.asp>, (Accessed June 29, 2017).
Free Trade Agreements, Office of the U.S. Trade Representative,
<https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements>, (Accessed February 2, 2016)
FTAA Official Website, <http://www.ftaa-alca.org/Summits_e.asp>, (Accessed
January 2, 2017).
NAFTA Official Website. See NAFTANOW.ORG at
<http://www.naftanow.org/about/default_en.asp>, (Accessed May 24, 2016).
Information on Brazil: Trade Agreements, Foreign Trade Information System,
Organization of Americas States (OAS). See SICE at <http://www.sice.oas.org/ctyindex/BRZ/BRZagreements_e.asp>, (Accessed July 20, 2016).
UNASUR Official Website, <http://www.unasursg.org>, (Accessed January 28,
2016).
WTO Glossary term,
<http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/glossary_e/glossary_e.htm>, (Accessed July 5, 2016).
2. Governmental and Official Documents
“Actions against exports from the EU”, Trade Policy, European Commission (EC),
(October 2, 2015),
<http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/accessing-markets/trade-defence/actions-against-exports-from-the-eu/>, (Accessed July 15, 2016).
Allgeier, Peter, “FTAA is Key to the Future of the Hemisphere, Says U.S. Official”,
Texts and Transcripts, IIP Digital, US Department of State, (November 21, 2002), <http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2002/11/20021126184152smiller@pd.state.gov0.773205.html#axzz4C1x8NrcP>, (Accessed July 5, 2016).
Barbosa, Rubens Antônio, “The FTAA that is in Brazil’s Interest”, SICE the OAS
Foreign Trade Information System,
<http://ctrc.sice.oas.org/geograph/westernh/bush_e.asp>, (Accessed August 1, 2016).
“Brazil, Countries and Regions”, Trade Policy, European Commission (EC), (April
28, 2015),
<http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/brazil/>, (Accessed July 15, 2016).
“Brazil-Trade Barriers”, International Trade Administration (ITA), (July 1, 2016),
<https://www.export.gov/article?id=Brazil-Trade-Barriers>, (Accessed July 5, 2016).
Canuto, Otaviano, Cornelius Fleischhaker and Philip Schellekens, “The Cost of
Brazil’s Closed Economy”, News Opinion, The World Bank, (February 5, 2015),
<http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/opinion/2015/02/05/the-cost-of-brazils-clos
ed-economy>, (Accessed July 5, 2016).
“Domestic value added in exports”, OECD iLibrary, OECD, (2011),
<http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/trade/domestic-value-added-in-gross-exports/indicator/english_3959a0c6-en>, (Accessed July 5, 2016).
“Fact sheet of Brazil’s actions against exports from the EU”, European Commission
(EC), (December 2015),
<http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2010/september/tradoc_146657.pdf>,
(Accessed July 15, 2016).
“FACT SHEET: The United States and Brazil - A Mature and Multi-Faceted
Partnership”, Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, (June 30, 2015), <https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/06/30/fact-sheet-united-states-and-brazil-mature-and-multi-faceted-partnership>, (Accessed May 3, 2016).
Fachada, Pedro, “Foreign Banks` Entry and Departure: the Recent Brazilian
Experience (1996-2006)”, Working Paper No. 164. (Brasília: Banco Central do Brasil, June 2008), pp.1-62, <https://www.bcb.gov.br/pec/wps/ingl/wps164.pdf>, (Accessed July 10, 2016).
“Free Trade Areas of the Americas: Missed Deadline Prompts Efforts to Restart
Stalled Hemispheric Trade Negotiations”, Untied Sates Government Accountability Office (USGAO), (March 2005), pp.1-48, <http://www.gao.gov/assets/250/245705.pdf>, (Accessed August 2, 2016).
Hinojosa-Ojeda, Raúl A., 2000, “Brazil and the United States at the Gateway of the
FTAA: A CGE Modeling Approach to Challenges and Options”, Economia Brasileira e os Processos de Integração Subregional e Hemisférico, IPEA-Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica, Ministério do Plane jamento e Orçamento (Brasília: Forthcoming, 2000), pp.1-30, <http://www.cap.lmu.de/transatlantic/download/Hinojosatext.PDF>, (Accessed April 5, 2015).
Hornbeck, J. F., “A Free Trade Area of the Americas: Major Policy Issues and Status
of Negotiations”, CRS Report (Congressional Research Service, January 3, 2005), pp.1-6, <https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS20864.pdf>, (Accessed December 28, 2016).
“Introduction of Brazil”, Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR),
<https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/americas/brazil>, (Assessed October 15, 2016).
Kuwayama Mikio, José Durán Lima and Verónica Silva, “Bilateralism and
Regionalism: Re-establishing the Primacy of Multilaterlaism a Latin American and Caribbean Perspective”, Comercio Internacional, CEPAL, no.58 (Santiago: United Nations, 2005), pp. 1-63.
“NAFTA at 20: North America’s Free-Trade Area and Its Impact on Agriculture”,
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), (February, 2015), <https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/wrs1501/51265_wrs-15-01.pdf>, (Accessed July 2, 2016).
“No. 1609. Charter of the Organization of American States, Signed at Bogota, on 30
April 1948”, OAS Charter in United Nations Treaties Series, (1952), pp.48-92. See UN at <https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20119/volume-119-I-1609-English.pdf>, (Accessed June 2, 2016).
“President Bush Discusses Democracy in the Western Hemisphere”, Blue Tree Park
Hotel, Brasilia, Brazil, Office of the Press Secretary for immediate release, the White House, (November 6, 2005), <https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/11/20051106-3.html>, (Accessed October 2, 2016).
“Remarks Following Discussions with President Luiz Inácio Lula de Silva of Brazil
in Brasilia”, Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, Washington D.C.,
(November 6, 2005).
Richardson, James D. ed., “Volume II: Part 1: James Monroe, March 4, 1817 to
March 4, 1825” in A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents (Washington DC: Government Printing Office (USGPO), 1897). See Project Gutenberg at <http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/metabook?id=mppresidents>, (Accessed June 20, 2016).
Schneph, Randy, “Brazil’s WTO Case Against the U.S. Cotton Program”, CRS
Report for Congress, (June 21, 2011), <https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32571.pdf>, (Accessed May 15, 2016).
Testimony of Eric Farnsworth, Vice President of Council of the Americas, in U.S.
Congress, “Doing Business in Latin America: Positive Trends but Serious Challenges”, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Peace Corps, and Global Narcotics Affairs of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, 112th Cong., 2nd sess., (July 31, 2012), S.HRG. 112-607 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office (USGPO), 2012), pp. 30-32, <https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112shrg76694/pdf/CHRG-112shrg76694.pdf>, (Accessed June 2, 2016).
Testimony of Rubens Barbosa, in “U.S. Relations with Brazil: Strategic Partners or
Regional Competitors?”, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs, Committee on International Relations, House of Representative, 106th Cong., 2nd sess. (July 26, 2000), (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office (USGPO), 2001) pp.11-13, <https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-106hhrg66939/pdf/CHRG-106hhrg66939.pdf>, (Accessed May 2, 2016)
Text of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Global Affairs Canada,
Government of Canada, <http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/nafta-alena/text-texte/toc-tdm.aspx?lang=eng>, (Accessed April 25, 2016).
The Economic Effects of Significnt US Import Restraints, Sixth Update 2009, United
States International Trade Commission (USITC), Investigation No.332-325, USITC Publication 4094, (August, 2009), <https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub4094.pdf>, (Accessed February 12, 2016).
“The Tenth Inter-American Conference, Caracas, Vanezuela, March 1-28, 1954”, US
Department of State, Publication 5692 (Washington 1955), <http://images.library.wisc.edu/FRUS/EFacs2/1952-54v04/reference/frus.frus195254v04.i0012.pdf>, (Accessed February 2, 2016).
“The U.S.-Brazil Commercial Dialogue Joint Statement- March 19, 2015”, U.S.
International Trade Administration (ITA), <http://trade.gov/press/press-releases/2015/us-brazil-commercial-dialogue-joint-statement-03192015.asp>, (Accessed May 2, 2016).
“United States and Brazil Reach Agreement to End WTO Cotton Dispute”, Press
release from Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR), (Oct,
2014), <https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2014/October/United-States-and-Brazil-Reach-Agreement-to-End-WTO-Cotton-Dispute>, (Accessed May 15, 2016).
“United States Leads the World to Liberalize Trade Through the Doha Round”, Trade
Fact, United States Trade Representative (USTR), (September 14, 2005), <https://ustr.gov/archive/assets/Document_Library/Fact_Sheets/2005/asset_upload_file597_7956.pdf>, (Accessed May 25, 2016).
“U.S. Brazil Share Strong Relationship, State’s Hughes Says: Call for Collaboration
to Bring Benefits of Democracy to Region”, Texts and Transcripts, IIP Digital, US Department of State, (March 13, 2006), <http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2006/03/20060313103450asrellim0.3552057.html#axzz4Evi49tSr>, (Accessed May 4, 2016).
Villarreal, M. Angeles and Ian F. Fergusson, “The North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA)”, CRS Report (Congressional Research Service, April 16, 2015), pp.1-33, <https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42965.pdf>, (Accessed May 24, 2016).
Watson, Alexander F., “Key Issues in Inter-American Relations”, U.S. Department of
State Dispatch, Vol.5, No.3 (January 17, 1994), pp. 21-25, <http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/4233379/FID2741/STATEPDF/DISV5N03.PDF>, (Accessed June 20, 2016).
Watson, Alexander F., “U.S.-Latin America Relations in the 1990s: Toward a Mature
Partnership”, U.S. Department of State Dispatch, Vol.5, No.11 (March 14, 1994), pp. 153-157, <http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/briefing/dispatch/1994/html/Dispatchv5no11.html>, (Accessed June 20, 2016).
Zoellick, Robert B., “Globalization, Trade, and Economic Security”, Remarks at the
National Press Club, United States Trade Representative (USTR), (October 1, 2002), <https://ustr.gov/archive/assets/Document_Library/USTR_Speeches/2002/asset_upload_file910_4237.pdf>, (Accessed July 7, 2016).
Zoellick, Robert B., “US Trade Agendas”, Statement before the Senate Finance
Committee, Washington DC, in US Department of State (USDOS) Archive, (March 5, 2003). See USDOS Archive at <http://2001-2009.state.gov/e/eeb/rls/rm/2003/18524.htm>, (Accessed July 7, 2016).
（五）PhD Papers
Nelson, Marcel, “The FTAA and the Contestation of Neoliberalism in Latin
America”, PhD Candidate Paper, Department of Political Studies, Queenís University Kingston, Ontario, (2008), pp.1-15, <http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2008/nelson.pdf>, (Accessed April 6, 2015).
（六）News, Magazine Articles, and Others
“Argentina/Brazil trade disputes reached a ‘furious level’ during Mercosur last
summit in Montevideo”, (July 24, 2013), MercoPress,
<http://en.mercopress.com/2013/07/24/argentina-brazil-trade-disputes-reached-a-furious-level-during-mercosur-last-summit-in-montevideo>, (Accessed March 23, 2015).
“Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff calls off US trip”, (September, 2013), BBC
News,
<http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-24133161>, (Accessed March 23, 2015).
LaFranchi, Howard, “Car v.s. Juice: US and Brazil Find Talk Easier than Trade”,
(March 7, 1997), Christian Science Monitor. See Overview at <https://www.questia.com/newspaper/1P2-33417865/cars-vs-juice-us-and-brazil-find-talk-easier-than>, (Accessed July 6, 2016).
Martinez, Elizabeth and Arnoldo García, “What is Neoliberalism? A Brief
Definition for Activists”, (1997), National Network for Immigrant and Refugee Right, Corp Watch, <http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=376>, (Accessed April 4, 2015).
Mia de Graaf, “Joe Biden turns on the charm in historic visit to Brazil for
president`s inauguration as US grapples to rebuild damaged relationship”, (January, 2015), MailOnline, Daily Mail, <Facebookhttp://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2893982/Joe-Biden-turns-charm-historic-visit-Brazil-president-s-inauguration-grapples-rebuild-damaged-relationship.html>, (Accessed March 23, 2015).
O"Donnell, María , “Brasil defendió el Mercosur ante Clinton”, (October 14, 1997),
La Nación,
<http://www.lanacion.com.ar/78739-brasil-defendio-el-mercosur-ante-clinton>, (Accessed December 18, 2016).
Romero, Simon, “Diplomacy and Soccer for Biden in Brazil”, (June, 2014), The New
York Times, <http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/17/world/americas/for-biden-in-brazil-world-cup-and-diplomacy.html?_r=0>, (Accessed March 23, 2015).
Rother, Larry, “Brazil Begins to Take Role on the World Stage”, (August 30, 2000),
New York Times,
<http://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/30/world/brazil-begins-to-take-role-on-the-world-stage.html>, (Accessed May 18, 2016).
Sabatini, Chris and Amy Williams, “The regional agenda for the next U.S.
president—and why Trump needs to listen”, (October 4, 2016), Latin America Goes Global: Data, Opinion, and Analysis, <http://latinamericagoesglobal.org/2016/10/5057/>, (Accessed December 19, 2016).
Scheinpflug, Christian, “Riding the Trump Train to Regional Integration”, (November
18, 2016), The Santiago Times, <http://santiagotimes.cl/de/2016/11/18/riding-the-trump-train-to-regional-integration/>, (Accessed December 19, 2016).
Stuenkel, Oliver, “Is Brazil a Regional Hegemon?”, (October, 2013), Post-Western
World, <http://www.postwesternworld.com/2013/10/31/is-brazil-a-regional-hegemon/>, (Accessed July 13, 2016).
Treanor, Paul, Neoliberlism: Origins, Theory (2005). Definition available at
<http://web.inter.nl.net/users/Paul.Treanor/neoliberalism.html>, (Accessed April
6, 2015).
Trotta, Daniel, “At U.N., Brazil`s Rousseff Blasts U.S. Spying as Breach of Law”,
(September, 2013), Reuters,
<http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/24/us-un-assembly-brazil-idUSBRE98N0OJ20130924>, (Accessed March 23, 2015).
Watts, Jonathan, “Brazilian president postpones Washington visit over NSA spying”,
(September 17, 2013), the Guardian, <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/17/brazil-president-snub-us-nsa>, (Accessed May 3, 2015).
Weisman, Steven R., “Warming to Brazil, Powell Says Its Nuclear Program Isn’t
a Concern”, (October 6, 2004), New York Times, <http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/06/world/americas/warming-to-brazil-powell-says-its-nuclear-program-isnt-a.html>, (Accessed May 10, 2016).
Wehner, Leslie E., “The EU and the US Competing for Mercosur: Trade Strategies
and Political Goals”, MEA thesis, Lund University, <https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1330207&fileOId=1330208>, (Accessed September 10, 2016). |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系
102253008 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102253008 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [外交學系] 學位論文
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