政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/103563
English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  全文笔数/总笔数 : 113451/144438 (79%)
造访人次 : 51247713      在线人数 : 883
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
搜寻范围 查询小技巧：
  • 您可在西文检索词汇前后加上"双引号"，以获取较精准的检索结果
  • 若欲以作者姓名搜寻，建议至进阶搜寻限定作者字段，可获得较完整数据
    •  进阶搜寻
    政大機構典藏 > 理學院 > 心理學系 > 學位論文 >  Item 140.119/103563


    请使用永久网址来引用或连结此文件: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/103563


    题名: 組織溝通.決策參與.個人特質.角色壓力與工作態度之關係
    作者: 王青祥
    贡献者: 黃國隆
    王青祥
    日期: 1985
    上传时间: 2016-11-08 16:23:32 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 論文提要
    本研究之主要目的為：(1)探討角色壓力與工作滿足及離職傾向之關係。(2)探討不同個人特質者在角色壓力、工作滿足及離職傾向等變項上之差異。(3)探討組織溝通各構面與角色壓力、工作滿足及離職傾向之關係。(4)探討決策參與程度與角色壓力、工作滿足及離職傾向之關係。(5)探討角色壓力是否為組織溝通、決策參與與工作滿足、離職傾向關係之中介因素。
    本研究以國內三家大型專業技術性機構的313名員工為受試樣本，以問卷調查法蒐集資料，所用的工具包括決策參與量表、角色壓力知覺量表、成就動機量表、工作描述問卷、組織溝通量表及離職傾向指標。資料分析採用因素分析、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、部份相關法及逐步迴歸分析等統計方法。
    本研究結果發現：(1)三種角色壓力知覺之高分組在工作滿足程度上均較低分組為低，而其離職傾向則較高。(2)成就動機高者在工作滿足程度上較高，而角色壓力及離職傾向則較低。(3)組織溝通各構面與角色壓力、工作滿足及離職傾向均有關聯存在。(4)決策參與程度較高者，其角色壓力知覺及離職傾向較低，而工作滿足感較高。(5)組織溝通、決策參與分別與工作滿足及離職傾向之關係，有一部份是透過角色壓力知覺而產生的。
    致謝辭
    論文提要
    目錄Ⅰ
    圖表目次Ⅲ
    第一章 緒論1
    第一節 研究動機與目的1
    第二節 有關文獻探討10
    第三節 本研究之架構45
    第四節 研究問題與假設45
    第二章 研究方法49
    第一節 受試者49
    第二節 研究工具53
    第三節 資料分析方法62
    第三章 研究結果與討論67
    第一節 角色壓力與工作滿足、離職傾向間之關係67
    第二節 個人特質與角色壓力、工作滿足及離職傾向之關係72
    第三節 決策參與、組織溝通與角色壓力、工作滿足及離職傾向之關係92
    第四節 角色壓力、工作滿足及離職傾向等變項之逐步迴歸分析結果105
    第四章 結論與建議115
    第一節 結論115
    第二節 建議118
    參考文獻121
    附錄139

    圖表目次
    圖：
    1.角色插曲模式圖17
    2. Shannon-Weaver溝通模式31
    3.組織中人類溝通行為決定因素層次圖32
    4.本研究之架構圖47
    表：
    1.本研究樣本性別分配表50
    2.本研究樣本年齡分配表50
    3.本研究樣本學歷分配表51
    4.本研究樣本婚姻狀況分配表51
    5.本研究樣本年資分配表52
    6.本研究樣本職位分配表52
    7.本研究樣本工作部門分配表53
    8.角色壓力知覺量表之因素分析表57
    9.組織溝通量表之因素分析表63
    10.各工作滿足構面、離職傾向間之簡單相關68
    11.角色模糊高、低分組在滿足構面及離職傾向上的 t 檢定結果69
    12.角色資源不足高、低分組在滿足構面及離職傾向上的 t 檢定結果70
    13.角色衝突高、低分組在滿足構面及離職傾向上的 t 檢定結果71
    14.個人特質變項與角色壓力之單因子變異數分析75
    15.個人特質變項與工作滿足構面及離職傾向之單因子變異數分析79
    16.不同年齡者在薪資滿足上之多重比較 81
    17.不同年齡者在工作本身滿足上之多重比較81
    18.不同年齡者在離職傾向上之多重比較82
    19.不同學歷者在工作本身滿足上之多重比較84
    20.不同年資者在薪資滿足上之多重比較85
    21.不同年資者在工作本身滿足上之多重比較85
    22.不同年資者在離職傾向上之多重比較86
    23.不同職位者在薪資滿足上之多重比較87
    24.不同職位者在工作本身滿足上之多重比較88
    25.不同職位者在直屬上司滿足上之多重比較88
    26.不同職位者在整體滿足上之多重比較89
    27.不同職位者在離職傾向上之多重比較89
    28.決策參與程度高、低分組在角色壓力上的 t 檢定結果93
    29.情報的溝通高、低分組在角色壓力上的 t 檢定結果94
    30.整合的溝通高、低分組在角色壓力上的七檢定結果95
    31.規定的溝通高、低分組在角色壓力上的 t 檢定結果95
    32.失真的溝通高、低分組在角色壓力上的 t 檢定結果96
    33.決策參與程度高、低分組在滿足構面及離職傾向上的 t 檢定結果98
    34.情報的溝通高、低分組在滿足構面及離職傾向上的 t 檢定結果99
    35.整合的溝通高、低分組在滿足構面及離職傾向上的 t 檢定結果00
    36.規定的溝通高、低分組在滿足構面及離職傾向上的 t 檢定結果00
    37.失真的溝通高、低分組在滿足構面及離職傾向上的 t 檢定結果01
    38.決策參與、組織溝通與工作滿足、離職傾向之原始相關，部分相關及 Z 值檢定結果103
    39.預測角色模糊之逐步迴歸分析106
    40.預測角色資源不足之逐步迴歸分析108
    41.預測角色衝突之逐步迴歸分析 109
    42.預測工作滿足之逐步迴歸分析111
    43.預測離職傾向之逐步迴歸分析112
    參考文獻: 一、中文部份
    1.王永山：壓力─二十世紀管理上的難題，管理雜誌，74，民69，頁181-121。
    2.吳定：組織理論：整合結構與行為。台北：聯經出版公司，民72。
    3.姜占魁：機關組織管理。台北：正中書局，民67。
    4.侯望倫：工作壓力的實證研究━組織氣候、角色特性、人格特質與壓力症狀的關係。國立政治大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，民73。
    5.郭文祥：大學畢業生離職行為研究。國立政治大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，民69。
    6.郭廷芸：參與管理對員工工作滿足之影響。國立政治大學公共行政研究所碩士論文，民70。
    7.郭修旭：電信話務人員心理變數與工作壓迫感及服務績效之實證研究。國立交通大學管理科學研究所碩士論文，民71。
    8.郭國平：員工個人屬性、參與程度與工作滿足之研究。私立中國文化大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，民 69 。
    9.陳甦彰：組織成員工作壓迫感之個案實證研究。國立交通大學管理科學研究所碩士論文，民70。
    10.陳義勝：組織行為。台北：華泰書局，民69。
    11.莊書彰：企業家成就動機與新產品創新之關係研究。國立政治大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，民67。
    12.黃國隆：領導方式、工作特性、成就動機、內外控、專斷性與教師工作滿足的關係。教育與心理研究，第五期，民71。
    13.張春興與楊國樞：心理學。台北：三民書局，民60。
    14.湯淑貞：管理心理學。台北：三民書局，民69。
    15.潘養源：影響金融機構工作人員績效與工作滿足因素之研究。國立政治大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，民68。
    16.鄭伯壎：領導行為研究：領導方式、情境因素及人格屬性對工人工作滿足感的影響。國立台灣大學心理研究所碩士論文，民66。
    二、英文部份
    l. Atkinson, J.W. An introduction to motivation. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1964.
    2. Baird, J.E. & Diebolt, J.C. Role congruence, communication, superior-subordinate relation, and employee satisfaction organization hierarchies.
    Western Speech Communication, 1976, 40(4), 260-269.
    3. Banton, M. Roles : An introduction to the study of social relations. New York : Basic Books, Inc., 1965.
    4. Baskin, O. W., & Aronoff, C. Interpersonal Communication in Organization. Santa Monica, California Goodyear Publishing Company, Inc., 1980.
    5. Bedeian, A. G. , & Armenakis, A. A. A path-analytic study of the consequences of role conflict and ambiguity, Academy of Management Journal, 1981, 24(2), pp.417-424.
    6. Bedeian, A.G. , Mossholder, K. W., & Armenakis, A. A. Role perception-outcome relationships: moderating effects of situational variables. Human Relations. 1983, 36(2), 167-184.
    7. Beehr, T. A. Perceived situational moderators of the relationship between subjective RA and role strain, Journal of Applied Psychology, 1976, 61(1), 35-40.
    8. Beehr, T.A., & Newman, J.E. Job stress, employee health, and organizational effectiveness : A facet analysis, model and literature review, Personnel Psychology, 1976, 31, 665-699.
    9. Beehr, T.A. ,Walsh, J. T., & Taber, T.D. Relationship of stress to individually and Organizationally value states : High order needs as a moderator. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1976, 61, 41-47.
    10. Biddle, B.J. Role theory : Expectations, Identities, and Behaviors, New York : Academic Press, Inc., 1979.
    11. Blau, G., An empirical investigation of job stress, social support, service length, and job strain. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , 1981, 27, 279-302.
    12. Brief, A, P. , Aldag, R, J, ,Van Sell, M., & Melone, N. Anticipatory socialization and role stress among registered nurses. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 1979, 20, 161-166.
    13.Brief, A.P., & Aldag, R.J. Correlates of role indices. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1976, 61, 468-472.
    14. Brief, A. P., Schuler, R. S., & Van Sell, M. Managing Job stress. Boston : Little, Brawn and Company, 1981.
    15. Brown, C. A. Communication means understanding. Personnel Administration, 1958, 12-16.
    16. Caplan, R. D. , Cobb, S., & French, J. R. Relationships of cessation of smoking with job stresses, personality, and social support. Journal of Applied Psychology 60 : 211-219.
    17. Caplan, R. D. ,Cobb, S. ,French, J. R. P. ,Jr. ,Harrison, R.U., & Pinneau, S.R.,JR. Job demands and worker health. NIOSH Research Report, 1975.
    18. Cooper, C. L., & Marshall, J. Occupational Sources of stress : A review of literature relating to cornary heart disease and mental health. Journal of occupational Psychology, 1976, 49, 11-28.
    19. Corwin, R. G. The professional employee A Study of Comflict in nursing role. American Journal of Sociology, 1961, 66, 604-615.
    20. Davis, K. Human relations at work. N.Y. : Mcgraw-Hill Book Company, 1962.
    21. Davis, K. Human Behavior at work. New York McGraw-Hill, 1977.
    22 Ford, N.M. ,Walker, O. C., & Churchill, G. A. Expectation-Specific measures of the intersender conflict and role ambiguity experienced by industrial salesman. Journal of Business Research, 1975, 3, 95-112.
    23. French, J. R. P. , JR., & Kahn. R. L. A programmatic approach to studying the industrial enviroment and mental health. Journal of Social Issue, 1962, 18, 1-47.
    24. French, J.R. P. ,Jr. ,Rogers, W., & Cobb, S. Adjustment as a person-enviroment fit. In G.V, Coelho D.A. Hamburg, & J.F. Adams(Eds), Coping and Adaptation: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. New York : Basic Books, 1974.
    25. Friedman, M. , Rosenman, R. H.,, & Carrol, V. Changes in serum cholesterol and bloodclotting time in men subjected to cyclic variation of occupational stress Circulation, 1958, 17：852-861.
    26.Funk, F.E., & Piersol, D.T. Business and industrial communication from the view point to the Corporation President. Speech Department, Purdue University, 1954.
    27. Goldharber, G.M. , Yates, M. ,Porter, D.T., & Lesniak, R. Organizational communication. Human Communication Research, 1978, 5(1).
    28.Graen, G. Role-making Processes within complex organizations. In M.D. Dunnette(Ed.), Handbook of Industrial Organizational Psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1976.
    29. Grace, G.R. Role Conflict and the teacher. London: Routeledge and Kegan Paul, 1972.
    30. Greenbaum, H. H. The audit of organizational Communication. Academy of Management Journal, December 1974, Vol. 17, No. 4, 739-754.
    31. Greene, C. N, Rolationships among role accuracy, compliance, performance evaluation and satisfaction within managerial dyads, Academic of management Journal, 1972, 15, 205-215.
    32. Gross, N. ,Mason, W. S., & Mceachern, A. W. Explorations in role analysis : studies of the school superintendency role. New York : John wiley and sons, Inc., 1958.
    33. Gupta, N., & Beehr, T, A, Job-stress & employee behaviors. Organizational behavior and Human Performance, 1979, 23, 373-387.
    34. Hall, D. T., & Mansfield, R. Organizational and individual response to external stress. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1971, 16, 533-547.
    35. Harmer, W. C., & Tosi, H.W. Relationships of role conflict & RA to job involvement measures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1974, 59, 497-499.
    36.Hartley, M.P. The relationship of locus of control and need achievement to job satisfaction. Dissertation Abstract, 1976, 36, No. 10, 6553-A.
    37. House, J. S. Occupational stress and Coronary heart disease. A review and theoretical integration, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 1974, 15, 12-27.
    38. House, J. S., & Rizzo, J. R. Role conflict and ambiguity as critical variables in a model of organizational behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1972, 7, 467-505.
    39. Huber, V. L. Managing stress for Increased Productivity. Supervisory Management, 26, 12, Dec. 1981 2-12.
    40.Hunt, G.T. Communication skill in the Organization . Prentice-Hill, 1980.
    41. Ivancevich, J.M., & Donnelly, J.H. A Study of role clarity and need for clarity for three occupational groups. Academic of Management Journal, 1974, 17, 28-36.
    42. Ivancevich, J.M., & Metteson, M.T. Stress and Work : A Managerial Perspective, New York : Scott, Foresman, 1980.
    43. Jackson, S. E. Participation in Decision Making as a strategy for reducing job-related strain. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1983, Vol. 68, No. 1, 3-19.
    44. Jamal, M. Job stress and job performance controversy : An empirical assessment. Organization Behavior and Human Performance, 1984, 33, 1-21.
    45. Johnson, R.A. , Kast, F. E., & Rosenzweig, J. E. System theory and management. Management Science, 1964, p.380.
    46. Johnson, T. W., & Graen, G. Organizational assimilation and role rejection. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1973, 10, 72-87.
    47. Johnson, T. W., & Stinson, J. E. Role ambiguity, role conflict, and satisfaction : moderating effects of Individual differences, Journal of Applied Psychology, 1974, 3, 329-333.
    48. Kahn, R. L. , Wolfe, D. M. , Quinn R. P. , Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R.A. Organizational Stress : Studies in Role Conflict & Ambiguity. New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1964.
    49.Katz,D.,Kahn,R.L. The Social Psychology of Organization . New York : Wiley, 1978, 2nd ed.
    50.Keller,R.T. Role conflict and ambiguity : Correlates with job satisfaction and values, Personnel Psychology, 1975, 28, 57-64.
    51.Klauses,R. & Bass, B.M. Interpersonal Communication Organizations, New York : Academic Press, Inc., 1982.
    52.La Racco, J.M., & Jones, A.P. Co-Worker and leader support as moderater of stress-strain relationships in work situations, Journal of Applied Psychology, 1978, 63(5), 629-634.
    53. Lichtman, C. M. , & Hunt, R. C, Personality and Organization theory : A review of some conceptual literature, In W.W. Scott & L.L. Cummings (Eds), Readings in Organizational Behavior and human Performances. Homewood, Ill Irwin, 1973.
    54. Litwin, G. H., & Stinger, R.A. Motivation and organization Climate. Boston, Mass : Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1968.
    55.Lyons,T.F. Role clarity, Satisfaction, tension, and withdrawal. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1971, 6, 99-110.
    56. Martt, C. B. , Hage, J., & Aiken, M. Communication and Satisfaction in Organizations. Human Relations , 1975, 28, 611-626.
    57. Margolis, G.L. ,Kroes, W.H., & Quinn, R.P. Job Stress : An unlisted occupational hazard. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 1974, 16, 659-661.
    58. Martin, T. N,, & Schermerhorm, J. R. JR., Work and nonwork influence on health : A Research agends using inability to leaves as a critical variable Academy of Management Review, 1983, 8(4), 650-659.
    59. McGrath, J. E. Stress and behavior in organization In M.D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Chicago : Rand McNally, 1976.
    60. McLean, A. (Ed.) Occupational Stress. Springfield, Illinois : Thomas, 1974.
    61.Miles, R.H. An empirical test of causal inference between role perceptions of conflict and ambiguity and various personal outcomes, Journal of Applied Psychology, 1975.
    62.Miles,R.H A Comparison of the relative impacts of role perceptions of ambiguity and conflict by role. Academy of Management Journal, 1976, 19(1), 25-35.
    63.Miles,R.H. & Petty, M.M. Relationships Between role clarity, Need for clarity, and job tension and Satisfaction for Supervisory and nonsupervisory roles, Academic of Management Journal, 1975, 18(4), 877-883.
    64.Morris, J. H., & Snyder R.A. A second look at need for achievement and need for autonomy as moderators of role perception-outcome relationships, Journal of Applied Psychology, 1979, 2, 173-178.
    65. Mossholder, K. W. , Bedeian, A. G., & Armenakis, A. A. Role perceptions, Satisfaction, and performance : Moderating effects of Self-esteem and organizational level, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1981, 28, 224-234.
    66.Muchinsky, P. M. Organizational Communication Relationship to Organizational Climate and Job Satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 1977, 20(4), 592-607.
    67. Neiman, L. J,, & Hughes, J. W. The problem of the concept of role : A resurvey of the literature. Social Forces, 1951, 30, 141-149.
    68. Newman, W. ., & Summer, C. E. The process of Management, New York Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1961.
    69. Oliver, R. L., & Brief, A. P. Determinants and consequences of role conflict and ambiguity among retail sales managers. Journal of Retailing, 1974, 11, 233-245.
    70. O’Reilly, C, A, ,Ⅲ , & Robert, K. H. Communication and performance in organization. Academic of Management Journal, 1977, 20(4), 375-379.
    71. Organ, D. W., & Greene, C. N. Role ambiguity, Locus of Control, and work Satisfaction, Journal of Applied Psychology, 1974, 59(1), 101-102.
    72. Parker, D. F., & De Cottis, T. A. Organizational determinants of job stress. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1983, 32, 160-177.
    73.Paul,R.J. Role clarity as a correlate of Satisfaction, job related strain, and propensity to leave-male VS. female. Journal of Management Studies, 1974, 11, 233-245.
    74.Randolph, W. A., & Posner, B.Z. Explaining role conflict and role ambiguity via individual and interpersonal variables in different job categories, Personnel Psy. 1981, 34, 89-102.
    75. Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J., & Lirtzman, S. I. Role conflict and ambiguity in Complex organizations. Administration Science Quarterly, 1970, 15, 150-163.
    76. Roberts, K. H., & O’Reilly Ⅲ, C. A. Measuring organizational communication, Journal of Applied Psychology, 1974, 59, p.321-326.
    77. Roberts, K. H. , O’Reilly Ⅲ, C. A. , Bretton, G.E., & Porter, L. W. Organizational theory and organizational communication : A Communication Failure ? Human Relations, 1974, Vol.27, No.5, 501-524.
    78.Roberts, W. R. Rhetorica, in the Works of Aristotle . Ross, W. D.,(ed), Oxford University Press, 1946, Vol. XI, p.14.
    79. Scholz, W. Communication in the Business Organization. N.J. : Prentice-Hall, 1965.
    80.Schuler, R. S, Role Perceptions, Satisfaction, and Performance : A partial reconciliation, Journal of Applied Psychology, 1975, 60(6) 683-687.
    81. Schuler, R. S. Definition and Conceptualization of stress in Organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1980, 25, 184-215.
    82.Schuler, R. S., & Blank, L.F. Relationship among types of Communication, organizational level, and employee satisfaction and Performance. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 1976, 23, 124-129.
    83.Schuler,R.S., & Kim, J.S. Employees’ expectancy perceptions as explanatory variables for effectiveness of participation in decision making. Psychological Reports, 1978, 43, 651-656.
    84.Selye,H. The Stress of life. New York : McGraw-Hill, 1956.
    85.Soreflsen, J. E, & Sorensen, R. L. The conflict of Professional in bureaucratic Organizations. Administration Sciences Quarterly, 1974, 59, 38-42.
    86.Szilagyi, A. D. An empirical test of causal inference between role perceptions, Satisfaction with work, Performance and Organizational level Personnel Psychology, 1977, 30, 375-388.
    87. Szilagyi, A. D. , Sims, H. P., & Keller, R. T. Role dynamics, Locus of Control, and employee Attitudes and behavior, Academic of Management Journal, 1976, 19(2), 259-276.
    88. Tannenbaum, A. S, & Cooke, R. A, Control and Participation. Journal of Contemporary Business 1974(Autum), 35-46.
    89. Tannenbaum, R. ,Weschler, I.R., & Massarik, F. Leadership and Organization : A Behavioral Science Approach. New York : McGraw-Hill, 1960, 90-92.
    90. Thayer, L. On theory-Building in Communication : I. Some Conceptual Problem, Journal of Communication , 1963, 13(3), 43-50.
    91.Tosi,H., Organization Stress as a Moderator of the relationship between influence and role response, Academic of Management Journal, 1971, 14, 7-20.
    92. Tosi, H., & ToSi, D. Some correlates of role conflict and ambiguity among public school teachers, Journal of Human Relation, 1970, 18, 1068- 1075.
    93. Van Sell, M., Brief, A. P., & Schuler, R. S. Role conflict and role ambiguity : Integration of the literature and Directions for future research, Human Relations, 1981, 34, 43-71.
    94.Weigel, R., & Pinsky, S. Managing stress : A model for the human resource staff, Personnel Administration, 27(2), 1982, p.56-60.
    關聯: 國立政治大學
    心理研究所
    碩士
    73
    数据类型: thesis
    显示于类别:[心理學系] 學位論文

    文件中的档案:

    档案 描述 大小格式浏览次数
    index.html0KbHTML2389检视/开启


    在政大典藏中所有的数据项都受到原著作权保护.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - 回馈