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    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/100175


    Title: 後極權威權政體的政治改革路徑：以中共「黨內民主」為例
    Other Titles: The Transformative Path in Post-Totalitarianism Authoritarian Regimes: The Case of Intra-Party Democracy of the CCP
    Authors: 張執中
    Chang, Chih-Chung
    Keywords: 後極權威權政體;民主集中制;黨內民主;黨代表常任制;組織理論
    Post-Totalitarianism Authoritarian Regimes;Democratic Centralism;Intra-Party Democracy;Permanent System of the Congress;Organization Theory
    Date: 2008-10
    Issue Date: 2016-08-16 13:26:19 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 對中國大陸而言，長期以來黨委與書記的權力過於集中，一方面壟斷了幹部選拔任用的權力；另一方面，這樣的行為更體現在地方與基層的治理過程中，因此而引發的黨群衝突，使黨置身於社會衝突的中心。因此執政者規避執政風險的本能與擴大選任與決策權的企圖，成為中共推動民主改革的動力。只是中共現行組織與領導制度所形成的權力體系，如黨管幹部、雙重管理與黨委領導，相對於開放選民直選產生的行政首長與民意代表，強調向下負責與權力制衡，是否因黨組織內外不同的權威模式（如農村的「兩委」關係），讓改革與既存秩序產生衝突？對此，黨組織控制「甄補判準」是用以區隔社會環境的一種重要機制，這也讓「黨內民主」成為中共合理的選項，目的在重整中共的組織與領導制度所形成的權力體系，並甄補「正確」的參與者。\\r本文從宏觀的角度，藉路徑依賴與組織理論等面向，探討中共自「十六大」到「十七大」關於「黨內民主」的規劃與實踐成果。可以看出中共從八○年代強調決策的理性，轉而強調擴大黨內參與和權力制約，並納入更多民意的成分。其中幹部選任改革、黨委權力分工與強化黨內監督，對既有的黨內權力運作與權力集中可能產生「分解」的效果，因而成為本文觀察的重點。不過中共從高層到基層採取不同的制度修正，並將改革重心置於基層政權，以符合中央在政治體制改革的步調。一方面確立代表大會與全委會的地位，透過決策與紀檢系統對黨委與書記形成雙重監督；另一方面仍維持民主集中制「四個服從」的邏輯，特別是上級對下級的領導，因此本文認為，制度文本是否修正，除了體現黨中央的意志，也讓地方與基層必須「自覺」地將改革方案置於既存的體制框架內，以保障改革的正當性。\\r當前基層試點在「發光發亮」之餘，由於缺乏黨內統一的理論定位和制度支持，削減了外界對於改革成效的預期。但基層各個試點的創新，相對凸顯了幹部管理制度改革的急迫性、上級黨委的審批制是否應改為備案制、鄉鎮直選如何與人大制度銜接等問題，使現行制度功能顯得「過時」並需要轉變。這種改革鑲嵌的過程，造成社會認知架構的不一致，相對也讓中央處在改革的對立面。是否形成改革壓力，仍必須從上而下觀察中共政治改革的軌跡，以及從下而上結合政治體系漸進的演化，觀察未來黨內民主發展的路徑。
    Adopting the concept of path dependency in historical institutionalism, this article is to present the impact of the post-totalitarian character on the measures of intra-party democracy recently taken by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Firstly, the author assesses three aspects of intra-party democracy, including the expansion of political participation in cadre appointments (direct elections of officials at the grass-root level and the selection of local leading cadres by ballot), the curtailment of the power centralization to Party committees (the “three-cut” reforms and the trials of permanent Party delegates), and the establishment of the check and balance mechanisms within the CCP. However, the author claims that inner-party democracy, representing the bottom-up expression and convergence of opinions within the Party, is difficult to be integrated with the Party’s top-down commanding system. Secondly, the measures of intra-party democracy, if threatening the Party’s post-authoritarian character, are eventually discarded or curtailed. Accordingly, this paper argues that the trajectory of intra-party democracy demonstrates the continuity of the core of the political establishment – one-party rule and the top-down commanding system – while political participation and the checks and balances of power within the Party does make progress in a limited extent.
    Relation: 社會科學論叢, 2(2), 63-112
    Journal of Social Sciences
    Data Type: article
    Appears in Collections:[Journal of Social Sciences] Journal Articles

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